In early 2021, researchers at Johns Hopkins Medicine and NORC at the University of Chicago showed that the Agency for Healthcare Research and Quality (AHRQ) Safety Program for Improving Antibiotic Use a comprehensive system they developed to assist health care institutions with establishing and operating antibiotic stewardship programs (ASPs) successfully helped more than 400 U.S. hospitals ensure that patients only received antibiotics when needed, and then, only in the correct amounts and for the prescribed dosage period.