In order to continuously promote water conservation efforts to alleviate the pressure of water diversion, water footprint (WF) is used as an effective tool to measure water utilization in the water-receiving areas of the Middle Route and Eastern Route of the South-to-North Water Diversion Project (SNWDP). The tempo-spatial variations of WF and spatial equilibrium of water footprint intensity (WFI) in the study area are quantified using the Mann–Kandle trend test, Sen’s slope, and Dagum Gini coefficient decomposition method for the years of 2005–2020. The results show that WF has a significant decreasing trend (Sen’s slop < 0, significant level < 0.05) in 17 cities in the study area, whereas WF shows a significant increasing trend (Sen’s slop > 0, significant level < 0.05) in 10 cities. Cities in the water-receiving areas are categorized into three types based on the contribution of the water utilization sector to changes in WF as follows: agric
Researchers investigate rotation in solar transition region
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Atmospheric ammonia (NH3) plays an important role in the formation of fine particulate matter, leading to severe environmental degradation and human health issues. In this work, ground-based Fourier transform infrared spectrometry (FTIR) observations are used to obtain the total columns of atmospheric NH3 at Hefei, China, from December 2016 to December 2020. After the presentation of the retrieval algorithm and uncertainty budget, we perform a spatio-temporal analysis of the dataset. Over the four years, NH3 columns have been increasing by 15.82% (2017–2018), 3.83% (2018–2019) and 3.68% (2019–2020). A clear seasonal cycle is observed, with the largest surface concentrations (12.93 ± 6.40 ppb) observed in June to August, and the lowest (4.08± 2.66 ppb) in November to January. The diurnal cycles of NH3 exhibit increased morning and afternoon concentrations. Interpretation of the diurnal cycles is difficult, however, the absence of a peak during rush hours, and the absence of corr
A blizzard struck Northeast China in November 2020, and the maximum daily snowfall broke its record since 1961. The synoptic and climatic conditions and the predictability of this extreme snowstorm event are examined by using the daily National Centers for Environmental Prediction (NCEP) reanalysis and the second version of the NCEP Climate Forecast System (CFSv2). The results show that an anomalous anticyclone over Japan and an anomalous cyclone in South China supplied abundant moisture and the rapidly enhanced Siberian high triggered the snowstorm. Before the snowstorm, the positive North Pacific Oscillation (NPO) and North Atlantic Oscillation (NAO) were essential for the accumulated water vapor. In addition, we find that the monthly NPO index and NAO index in November 2020 are both extremely strong compared to 1979–2019, and their combination converges to create the extreme snowstorm-related atmospheric circulation. The positive NPO and NAO together induce an anomalous anticyclon
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