Training or in need of repair. Frank kendall defended the plan to gradually phase out reliance on Russian Rocket engines for u. S. Space launches. Testifying, kendall argued the base needs tomorrow for look for alternatives. Some leaders argued that an immediate end to the use of Russian Rockets is appropriate. They could replace the rd180 engines by 2020 at the earliest. Here to speak to that topic is beauchammp, gutt undersecretary for air space. Thanks for having me. There is a lot of talk on the use of russian engines, and actually development of alternatives to those russian engines for the space launches. Can you talk to me a little bit about the potential of the alternatives that are under development right now . Sure. This is an exciting time in the space the air force requires two launch services to be ability to launch the full range of payloads into orbit. We dont have that today. To incentivize those developments, we will let contracts that will fund the development of new