multiple asked within species and we compared multiple different primate species, 30 different primate populations, 17 in the 30 different primate populations, 17 in the wild 30 different primate populations, 17 in the wild and 13 in captivity and nine in the wild and 13 in captivity and nine historic human populations. we ask went nine historic human populations. we ask went lives man s extent, when populations do live longer how is that longer life achieve? as it achieved that longer life achieve? as it achieved by slowing the rate at which achieved by slowing the rate at which we achieved by slowing the rate at which we age? and the answer is no. the way which we age? and the answer is no. the way in which we age? and the answer is no. the way in general that that life span the way in general that that life span is the way in general that that life span is extended is by averting early span is extended is by averting early death. we and reduce. childhood mortal