According to the guide, civics education develops students knowledge of their rights and duties as New Zealand citizens, and of civic processes, such as how laws are made, how voting works and how to deal with government agencies. Citizenship education develops “active citizens”, including how to listen respectfully to the views of others and how to effect change. The guide says Aotearoa has a robust democracy, but its resilience should not be taken for granted. In 2019, a digital survey by Seed Waikato, a charity for young Waikato people, found two in five respondents aged between 15 and 34 didn’t know how to cast a vote in the 2019 local body elections, and eight out of 10 felt disconnected from their council.