Two of the main types of electron microscopy techniques are scanning electron microscopy (SEM) and transmission electron microscopy (TEM). Both methods are capable of achieving sub-angstrom spatial resolution and can be used to image even single atoms on a surface.
High-resolution gas-phase measurements have proved extremely important for the validation of many theoretical techniques and developing our understanding of molecular chemistry at the atomic level.
Enzymology is the study of the structure and dynamics of enzymes, including their interactions with other species. This article looks at how spectroscopy is used to study them and its applications.
A new approach that is being tested for feasibility for sperm identification with optical microscopy techniques is the use of deep convolutional neural networks as an image analysis tool. The advantage of these automated analysis methods is that they can be combined with an automated recording of microscope images.
One technique that has emerged as a powerful tool in such cellular studies is using atomic force microscopy to perform force spectroscopy on immobilized cellular species. This is known as single-cell force spectroscopy and is a powerful technique for measuring the mechanical forces between cells that are an essential part of the cell adhesion process.