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Illustration by Joe Ciardiello. The thing about big plans is that they require people to carry them out. The problem of personnel particularly plagued Peter the Great. Convinced by his European advisers that his country was backward and stuck in a medieval mindset, he spent much of his reign on a series of modernizing initiatives intended to get Russia “caught up” with the West. To implement his reforms which included establishing a navy, imposing a tax on beards, and eventually drafting half a million serfs to build a city (named after himself) on nothing but marshland he needed a robust bureaucracy and a standing military that could manage the demands of his new, spruced-up empire. Peter thus made service civil or military compulsory for the Russian nobility, and he implemented a new class system, the Table of Ranks, under which one could be promoted according to how long and how well one served.

United statesNovosibirskaya oblastVinnyts ka oblastUkraine generalPoltavs ka oblastSankt peterburgRichard pevearLarissa volokhonskyEdyta bojanowskaSusanne fussoAkaky akakievichVladimir nabokovIrina reyfmanNikolai gogolPatriotic instituteDepartment of state economy