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Law and Justice in Early Virginia Indian Society - Encyclopedia Virginia
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SUMMARY
John Rolfe served as secretary and recorder general of Virginia (1614–1619) and as a member of the governor’s Council (1614–1622). He is best known for having married Pocahontas in 1614 and for being the first to cultivate marketable tobacco in Virginia. Joined by his first wife, whose name is unknown, Rolfe sailed on the
Sea Venture, a Virginia-bound ship that wrecked off the islands of Bermuda in 1609. There his wife gave birth to a daughter, but mother and child soon died. In Virginia, Rolfe turned to experimenting with tobacco, a plant first brought to England from Florida. The Virginia Indians planted a variety that was harsh to English smokers, so Rolfe developed a Spanish West Indies seed,
SUMMARY
Political organization in early Virginia Indian society likely was similar across the several distinct and culturally diverse groups that lived in the area; however, due to the records left by the English colonists, the most is known about the Powhatan Indians of Tsenacomoco. The alliance’s six core groups lived along the James, Mattaponi, and Pamunkey rivers, with their capital, Werowocomoco, situated on the present-day York River. Each constituent group consisted of one or more towns ruled by a
weroance, or chief, whose position was inherited matrilineally. For guidance, the
weroance consulted his council, or
cockarouses, and whenever he acted he was first obligated to seek the approval of his one or more
Archaeological work conducted in 1996–1997 determined that a Patawomeck settlement on Potomac Creek, where the creek empties into the Potomac River at Marlboro Point, dates to around AD 1300. The Algonquian-speakers likely intruded on the area from the north and lived behind a palisade designed to protect them from various warring groups. By 1607, when the first English colonists arrived at Jamestown, the Patawomeck lived north of Accokeek Creek on the south bank of the Potomac River. Their principal town, surrounded by a palisade, was Patawomeck. Based on accounts published in 1612 and 1624, they numbered from 160 to 200 men, and English observers suggested their tribal name translated to “trading place.”
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