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An evolutionary continuum from nucleated dwarf galaxies to star clusters

Systematic studies1–4 have revealed hundreds of ultra-compact dwarf galaxies (UCDs5) in the nearby Universe. With half-light radii rh of approximately 10–100 parsecs and stellar masses M  ≈ 106–108 solar masses, UCDs are among the densest known stellar systems6. Although similar in appearance to massive globular clusters7, the detection of extended stellar envelopes4,8,9, complex star formation histories10, elevated mass-to-light ratio11,12 and supermassive black holes13–16 suggest that some UCDs are remnant nuclear star clusters17 of tidally stripped dwarf galaxies18,19, or even ancient compact galaxies20. However, only a few objects have been found in the transient stage of tidal stripping21,22, and this assumed evolutionary path19 has never been fully traced by observations. Here we show that 106 galaxies in the Virgo cluster have morphologies that are intermediate between normal, nucleated dwarf galaxies and single-component UCD

A high-performance neuroprosthesis for speech decoding and avatar control

Speech neuroprostheses have the potential to restore communication to people living with paralysis, but naturalistic speed and expressivity are elusive1. Here we use high-density surface recordings of the speech cortex in a clinical-trial participant with severe limb and vocal paralysis to achieve high-performance real-time decoding across three complementary speech-related output modalities: text, speech audio and facial-avatar animation. We trained and evaluated deep-learning models using neural data collected as the participant attempted to silently speak sentences. For text, we demonstrate accurate and rapid large-vocabulary decoding with a median rate of 78 words per minute and median word error rate of 25%. For speech audio, we demonstrate intelligible and rapid speech synthesis and personalization to the participant’s pre-injury voice. For facial-avatar animation, we demonstrate the control of virtual orofacial movements for speech and non-speech communic

Why Clinical Laboratorians Should Embrace the R Programming Language

Like many other industries, clinical laboratories are becoming more reliant on data analytics. Clinical laboratories generate, process, and store transactional data with high quality and efficiency. These data are required for patient care and quality assurance activities and increasingly are used for operational decisions. To analyze all these data, laboratories often rely on commercial spreadsheets or other specialized software applications. However, these programs can be functionally limited and often are not suitable for more complex statistical analyses and visualizations or for analysis of large or high-dimensional datasets. Importantly, the analysis and visualization workflows in these programs have limited reproducibility and transparency.

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