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The scientists also recovered nuclear DNA from the two Siberian caves , the Denisova and Chagyrskaya, which also housed Neanderthal populations in the distant past. The Neanderthal residents of Denisova lived there approximately 120,000 years ago, while the occupants of Chagyrskaya were alive much more recently, approximately 62,000 to 72,000 years ago. Interestingly, a closer analysis of the genetic material taken from two levels at Galería de las Estatuas revealed that it belonged to two separate Neanderthal subspecies . These nuclear DNA samples were intermixed with an abundance of preserved Neanderthal tools, fossilized food scraps, and mitochondrial DNA, making it clear there were large groups of people living inside these caves during the two time periods in question.

United statesCastillay leópMatthias meyerRobert robertsBence violaBenjamin vernotJuan luis arsuagaPaul souders danita delimontBeth shapiroMarie soressiUniversity of californiaComplutense universityUniversity of wollongong australiaAnthropology universityMax planck institute for evolutionary anthropologyLeiden university