Researchers from Paderborn University, the Istituto Nazionale di Ricerca Metrologica (INRiM),Italy’s national metrology institute, the Politecnico di Torino, Italy, and the Physikalisch-Technische .
The formation mechanism of the white etching layer (WEL) on the rail steel material has been confirmed via two different routes; thermal-induced WEL by phase transformation and mechanical-induced WEL by severe plastic deformation. In this study, a combination of thermal and mechanical processes was performed to examine the synergistic interaction of two formation mechanisms of the WEL on rails. An experiment was conducted on the rail steel material using a Gleeble thermo-mechanical simulation system. The results confirmed that the martensitic WEL is formed by phase transformation from rapid quenching at a temperature below the critical point of material phase transformation when high hydrostatic pressure is applied.
What started out as Beaumont Runner Technologies founded in 1998 by Plastics Hall of Famer John Beaumont now includes four units: Technology, Development, Advanced Processing and the AIM Institute, an injection molding training program.
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Scanning electron microscopy (SEM) and transmission electron microscopy (TEM) have widespread applications in characterizing nanomaterials’ composition, interfacial strain and structure, morphology, phase quantification, and size distribution, all of which directly contribute to nanomaterials design.