Carsharing is a well-known initiative globally which continues to gain popularity. In Poland, the Ministry of Transport, Construction and Maritime Economy recently prepared a proposal for a legal definition of carsharing . According to the glossary of terms provided for the Transport Development Strategy to 2020 (with an outlook to 2030),(1) carsharing is a system of shared use of passenger cars, which by definition leads to a significant reduction in the number of registered private cars. Vehicles in the system may be made available for a fee and the operators of the system which facilitate this include companies, public agencies and individuals.(2)
In addition, according to the draft amendment to the Act of 11 January 2018 on Electromobility and Alternative Fuels,(3) the Ministry of Climate and Environment plans to include a carsharing initiative in the statutory regulations and provide a statutory definition of this activity therein. Carsharing will be added to the legal defin
Virtual courts
Despite all of the challenges that the pandemic has brought, the Brazilian judicial sector has not slowed down.
The need to adapt to a new way of life almost overnight forced the state courts to expedite the scanning of lawsuits which were not yet digitised. Further, on 27 October 2020 the National Council of Justice announced the implementation of the 100% Digital Court project,(1) which the Rio de Janeiro State Court was first to introduce. The project aims to execute the procedural acts of lawsuits digitally. Despite most lawsuits being processed electronically at the time of its implementation, many presential acts (eg, conciliatory and judgment sessions) still used physical documentation.
(1) to launch a fully fledged investigation,
ex officio, against Facebook Inc, Facebook Ireland Ltd, WhatsApp Inc and WhatsApp LLC (together, Facebook ) in order to assess whether they had violated Article 6 of Law 4054 on the Protection of Competition. Moreover, the Competition Board imposed an interim measure against WhatsApp pursuant to Article 9 of Law 4054 after WhatsApp amended its terms of use and privacy policy to require its users to share data with other Facebook companies.(2)
Background information
In its decision, the Competition Board provided a general overview of the investigated parties and their practices before delving into a substantial assessment.
WhatsApp Inc was established in 2009 in the United States. It is available on smartphones and app stores globally, as a platform that provides instant messaging and voice and video calling services.(3) At present, WhatsApp is offered to users free of charge without ads. In 2014 it was acquired by Facebook Inc,(4) w
Introduction
The overlapping of construction activities is a project management technique which helps a project to be completed as quickly possible. However, it inherently leads to increased risk and can jeopardise the insurance in place. This is even more true when two separate design and construction projects overlap forcibly and are knowingly implemented concurrently in the same area. In a recent case, the Greek courts found that the multiple damages which one constructor had caused to another s works were not sudden and unforeseen and did not qualify as one event.
Facts
A company belonging to a railway group specialised in implementing rail infrastructure works awarded the plaintiff the project of constructing an underground fibre optic grid running along both sides of a railway track. A few months later, another contractor (Contractor 2) was awarded the project of upgrading the railway track along a 22km section of the network, where and while the plaintiff was working. The s
Background
Sleep-in shifts are standard practice in the care industry, with workers required to sleep on the premises in case they are required in an emergency. Such shifts are paid at a fixed flat rate, with additional pay for any time spent actively working. The correct pay for sleep-in shifts has long been debated. Must workers be paid the NMW for the entire time spent at the workplace even when sleeping or must they be paid only for time spent awake and working? This makes a big difference to the amount that workers are entitled to be paid. Similar questions arise with respect to domiciliary carers working sleep-in shifts.