Since then it has a long history of social activism. That, he has a phd in history and has written a number of books on American Jewish history, and a number of scholarly articles as well as articles in the more popular press. I had the honor of coauthoring an article with lance on the Huffington Post this year on the brandeis confirmation, which we are also celebrating this year. Before introducing lamp, and this is one of the great virtues of being the conference coordinator, i can add you to program whenever i want and i just want to add one footnote, because i think it is relevant to everything we will be talking in 1866day, and that is ago congress, 150 years when congress was debating what becomes the 14th amendment, it against by saying all persons born or nationalized in the United States and subject to their jurisdiction are citizens of the United States. Atre was a strong attempt the delegations of california and oregon to amend that to say all persons except chinese would be