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The Complex Effects of Counterterrorism Policies on Mediation Efforts Format by Issaka K. Souaré Bringing together non-state armed groups and governments to participate in peace processes has become a familiar characteristic of 21st-century mediation. However, after 9/11, several countries adopted strict counterterrorism policies. As a result, many non-state armed groups were given the label terrorist group by the same governments they were meant to negotiate with. The complex effects of this have impeded mediation efforts, impacted conflict dynamics, and created challenges to forging peace. Afghanistan is a prime example. After the 9/11 attacks in the US, the American intervention there was in large part premised on the assumption that the Taliban, then rulers of the country, played an important role in the attacks. The group was proscribed by the United States and became a legitimate target for military operations. Under American influence, even the United Nations Security C

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