Twenty Republicans refused to support the hard-right Ohio Republican, leaving him without a majority as the party infighting stretched into a third week.
Nearly 200 G.O.P. lawmakers have supported Representative Jim Jordan, the hard-right Ohio lawmaker, in the speaker fight. Some Republicans say that may doom the party in coming elections.
The first-year representative is the only member in the history of Rhode Island's congressional delegation to have voted in favor of removing a speaker.
In a stunning reversal, Speaker Kevin McCarthy pushed through a bill with Democratic votes to temporarily keep the government open. President Biden signed it late Saturday.