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In the Middle Ages, a grim adage sometimes turned up in European folklore and children’s stories: Woe to that child which when kissed on the forehead tastes salty. He is bewitched and soon must die. A salty-headed newborn was a frightful sign of a mysterious illness. The witchcraft diagnosis didn’t hold, of course, but today researchers think that the salty taste warned of the genetic disease we now know as cystic fibrosis. Cystic fibrosis affects over 30,000 people in the United States, and over 70,000 globally. Mutations in the CFTR gene garble cells’ blueprints for making protein tunnels for chloride ions. Chloride’s negative charge attracts water, so without much chloride meandering into cells, the body’s mucus gets thicker and stickier, making breathing a struggle and often trapping dangerous bacteria in the lungs. It also disrupts digestive enzymes from traveling out of the pancreas and into the gut, causing inflammation and malnutrition.

United statesNorthwestern universityGordon dexterJohn rogerEdward fongTyler rayUniversity of hawaiiHawaii pacific healthYork museum of modern artScience translational medicineChicago cubsNew yorkModern artஒன்றுபட்டது மாநிலங்களில்வடமேற்கு பல்கலைக்கழகம்ஜான் ரோஜர்