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Massachusetts Institute of Technology Nearly one quarter of the land in the Northern Hemisphere, amounting to some 9 million square miles, is layered with permafrost – soil, sediment, and rocks that are frozen solid for years at a time. Vast stretches of permafrost can be found in Alaska, Siberia, and the Canadian Arctic, where persistently freezing temperatures have kept carbon, in the form of decayed bits of plants and animals, locked in the ground. Scientists estimate that more than 1,400 gigatons of carbon is trapped in the Earth’s permafrost. As global temperatures climb, and permafrost thaws, this frozen reservoir could potentially escape into the atmosphere as carbon dioxide and methane, significantly amplifying climate change. However, little is known about permafrost’s stability, today or in the past.

Northwest territoriesNahanni national parkUnited statesAlberto reyesNicole biller celanderJeremy shakunBernard lauriolDavid mcgeeNational sciencesUniversity of albertaDepartment of earthEngineering research council of canadaNational science foundationPlanetary sciencesPolar continental shelf programUniversity of ottawa