[applause] banks borrow that you do for cleveland and all that you ve done to ensure that he did in a steel s commitment, a visionary commitment incredibly made three quarters of a century ago to honoring such an odd day, excellence in the literary and scholarly explorations of cultural diversity. you have ensured that this vision, this crazy idea is not only been protect good, it has been nurtured. it has been expanded. it s been fulfilled in ways that edith anisfield scarcely could ve imagined. let s give it up for bob richards. [applause] these arches in nature by stellar jury, composed of the poet rita dove, joyce carol oates, psychologist steven pinker, my colleague. a historian, simon schama. this has always been a major national book prize with a host of us any previous winners, including among so many others, links to use, zora neale hurston, and the reverend or the king junior. and now, thanks to the vision, committed in sheer energy of one person, we now have a hot
. one is can we borrow from other countries or other people or from our people and secondly, are our promises will they accept their promise to pay it back if we use the money for the purposes we borrowed it for the we will wisely administer it. be dead. and those issues are very tightly interwoven in this whole problem of the welfare state. but my friend will vogel, one of his solutions at least was to move towards means testing and more of it so that in a presumably rich country and one that is getting richer broadly speaking over time, individuals should be able to pay for more of their own benefits, i mean because society if you look out over the past 30 years at society it s a lot richer than it was. if you look over the past 100 years it s phenomenally more rich than it used to be. his ideas that you can shrink the welfare state by confining it more to the truly needy and freeing up other people to make their own arrangements. and i think that is not an unreasonable