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BY JACQUES R. PAUWELS Robespierre s execution (depicted as sitting in wagon holding a handkerchief to his face), 28 July 1794. The fall of Robespierre and fellow Jacobins ushered the Thermidorean reaction, which would open the road to the Directory and eventually Napoleon. The French Revolution was not a simple historic event but a long and complex process in which a number of different stadia may be identified. Some of these stadia were even counterrevolutionary in nature, for example the “aristocratic revolt” at the very start. Two phases, however, were unquestionably revolutionary. The first stage was “1789”, the moderate revolution. It put an end to the “Ancien Régime” with its royal absolutism and feudalism, the power monopoly of the monarch and privileges of the nobility and the Church. The important achievements of “1789” also included the Declaration of the Rights of Man and of the Citizen, the equality of all Frenchmen before the law, the separation of Ch

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