Im delighted to moderate this session. World war i spawned the modern American Peace movement. This modern movement advocated both peace and social justice and was characterized by liberal and radical Citizen Peace activists, womens peace organizations and a progressive reformist impulse. Significantly, this movement contained a powerful secular impulse in the post1914 Peace Movement marked an important milestone in what John Chambers and charles moscose termed the shift from safer to secular red to secularac resistance and towards a new Conscientious Objection. Historically peace activism was based on religious motives, although in the decade or so before 1914 secular middle class peace societies emerged, including the Carnegie Endowment for International Peace and the world peace foundation. World war i accelerated this trend toward secularization. During the war, socialists, anarchists, and other political radicals based their dissent on secular principles, political, philosophical