In the last few years, there has been a rise in interest in ride-hailing as a novel form of urban transportation and mobility service. This comprehensive literature analysis evaluates how ride-hailing services affect public road transportation in terms of traffic congestion, safety and security. The evaluation is grounded in the Preferred Reporting Items for Systematic Reviews and Meta-Analyses (PRISMA) methodology, which includes a thorough search for pertinent studies, careful article screening and selection, data extraction, and quality assessment. This systematic literature review analyses and summarises data from 160 studies examining how ride-hailing services affected public road transportation. The literature review results indicated that ride-hailing services affect public road transportation positively and negatively, depending on various variables such as the regulatory environment, user behaviour, and service accessibility. The positives include greater environmental sustain