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Isamu Akasaki Credit: TORU YAMANAKA/AFP Isamu Akasaki, who has died aged 92, shared the 2014 Nobel Prize in physics, with Hiroshi Amano and Shuji Nakamura, for their invention of blue light-emitting diodes (LEDs), an energy-efficient technology now used in everything from light bulbs to televisions, computer screens, smartphones and Christmas tree lights. In an LED, light is produced when negative electrons combine with positive “holes” in thin layers of semiconductors. Red LEDs became available in the 1960s and were widely used in calculators and digital watches. Green LEDs were developed around the same time. But for many years scientists struggled to create blue LEDs – the only ones capable of being used to produce white light.

United statesThomas edisonHiroshi amanoGeorge crafordNick holonyakOleg losevShuji nakamuraIsamu akasakiRussell dupuisKobe kogyo corporationMatsushita research institute tokyoResearch centre for nitride semiconductor core technologiesKyoto universityRoyal swedish academy of sciencesUniversity of illinoisNagoya university