Operational disturbances within 30 min, namely, short-term operational disturbances (STODs), occur frequently during the daily operation of an urban rail transit (URT) system. Therefore, there is an urgent need to assess a network’s ability to respond to STODs to improve its operational level. The resilience of a URT network jointly considering turn-back operations, the occurrence time of STODs, and passenger travel experience is addressed. By considering passenger travel alternatives under STODs, we assessed the resilience of a network by utilizing the ratio of the average loss of a time-dependent performance indicator, which is referred to as the operational service level indicator in this paper. A simulation-based resilience assessment flowchart is also proposed. Numerical experiments conducted on the Chengdu subway network indicate that this network is more resilient to successive station failure than to simultaneous failure. Guaranteeing the normal operation of transfer stations