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DOI: 10.1093/obo/9780199730414-0345 Introduction Following medieval political traditions, the conquest of America led by the Spanish crown was a highly urbanized enterprise. Cities defined the spaces of colonial America in terms of organization of the territory, control of the population, and the negotiation of political sovereignty on the ground. Early city foundation in the Antilles after 1492 was followed by the major occupation of continental America, when more than two hundred cities were founded over the 16th century. In the 17th and 18th centuries, cities in Spanish America became the hub of social integration, moving from ‘Spanish cities’ to what has been labeled ‘creole metropolises.’ During the age of revolution and independence, the late 18th and early 19th centuries, cities played a major role as the seats of national sovereignty. Typically struggles for independence would start with the rising of creole elites in the capital cities of each viceroyalty. Historio

United statesFrance generalNouveau mondeHaute normandieRiver plateArgentina generalBuenos airesDistrito federalLatin america romeroRichard kaganFernando marLucena giraldoSusan migden socolowMarcial ponsYale universityUniversity of new mexico