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Eukaryotes have evolved towards one of two extremes along a spectrum of strategies for remodelling the nuclear envelope during cell division: disassembling the nuclear envelope in an open mitosis or constructing an intranuclear spindle in a closed mitosis1,2. Both classes of mitotic remodelling involve key differences in the core division machinery but the evolutionary reasons for adopting a specific mechanism are unclear. Here we use an integrated comparative genomics and ultrastructural imaging approach to investigate mitotic strategies in Ichthyosporea, close relatives of animals and fungi. We show that species in this clade have diverged towards either a fungal-like closed mitosis or an animal-like open mitosis, probably to support distinct multinucleated or uninucleated states. Our results indicate that multinucleated life cycles favour the evolution of closed mitosis. We analyse cell division in ichthyosporeans and find that multinucleated life cycles favour the evolution of clos
Machine learning and AI are transforming medical treatment involving functionality, diagnostics, and more. Meanwhile, large language models like ChatGPT are still in the early stages.
Precise position information of moving entities on digital road networks is a vital requirement of location-based applications. Location information received from Global Positioning System has some positional error and this inaccurate information generates errors in further processing of navigation and location-based applications. Map matching algorithms are responsible for the prediction of precise location by considering different parameters of the device. Many map matching algorithms were developed by the research community so as to improve performance and accuracy. These algorithms are categorized into different categories. This paper briefly explains the category-wise working of map matching algorithms and also provides analytically reviews of the performance of these algorithms. Five different algorithms from each category were considered in this experiment. The performance of five basic map matching algorithms was further evaluated on the digital road network of the Indian subco