when outside the white house or in public forums that are not quite as protected as they would be within a compound. the same with pope john paul ii. he wasn t in the vatican, he was outside but it is when he least expected it. how do you gird for things you can t control because the crowds are so big? well, what you do is you put as many law enforcement officers, police officers, as possible in an area and new york will have thousands of officers assigned just as philadelphia and washington will. you hope that that presence will curtail any sort of action. how do you separate them from just protesters who show up at any event? very hard. just like when you have the g-7 and g-8 summits. look, a certain amount of luck is involved. no question about it. but you make your own luck to a large degree. a lot of preparation has been done, a lot of tabletop exercises, that sort of thing. but this pope is difficult to totally predict. that s part of the challenge