Subhash Chandra Bose established a provincial government of Azad Hind (Free India) in Singapore on October 21, 1943. But even before it, Raja Mahendra Pratap with Maulana Barkatullah of the Ghadar Movement formed the provincial government in Kabul in 1915
The convergence of state repression of people of color activism against white supremacy with radical internationalist, anti-colonial struggles constituted and justified the exponential expansion of the modern U.S. national security apparatus, argues a new book by historian Moon-Ho Jung.