"Law" can have several different meanings in the modern world. On the one hand, there is the kind of law that is enforced by the authorities, which can be
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Article: The amazing watermelon, plus horses - Occasionally, it s good to look around at life and discover some amazing things, about watermelon, numbers and horses, for instance. It s called being present in my life.
Article: The amazing watermelon, plus horses - Occasionally, it s good to look around at life and discover some amazing things, about watermelon, numbers and horses, for instance. It s called being present in my life.
Integrity and trust in that integrity are fundamental to academic research. However, procedures for monitoring the trustworthiness of research, and for investigating cases where concern about possible data fraud have been raised are not well established. Here we suggest a practical approach for the investigation of work suspected of fraudulent data manipulation using Benford’s Law. This should be of value to both individual peer-reviewers and academic institutions and journals. In this, we draw inspiration from well-established practices of financial auditing. We provide synthesis of the literature on tests of adherence to Benford’s Law, culminating in advice of a single initial test for digits in each position of numerical strings within a dataset. We also recommend further tests which may prove useful in the event that specific hypotheses regarding the nature of data manipulation can be justified. Importantly, our advice differs from the most common current implementation