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Thomas Bauer, Sebastian Braun, Michael Kvasnicka About 2.4 million refugees and irregular migrants arrived in Europe in just two years from 2015 to 2016. Compared to economic migrants, refugees typically arrive in a host country with worse language skills and less locally applicable human. They are consequently likely to start at significantly lower levels of wages and employability (Brell et al. 2020, Fasani et al. 2018). Therefore, refugees are often among the most vulnerable immigrant groups, facing the steepest barriers to economic and social integration (Martén et al. 2019). At the same time, initial conditions at the time of arrival matter for successful integration and have been shown to have long-lasting effects for both refugees and economic migrants (Åslund and Rooth 2007, Bauer et al. 2014, Braun and Dwenger 2020, Fasani et al. 2020).

Proceedings of the national academy sciencesMigrant acceptance indexMulti dimensional integrationTime aroundLocal conditionsIrregular migrant self selectionWho migratesDo roothInitial labour market conditionsEconomic journalEconomic integrationForced migrantsLabor market integrationRefugee migrantsEconomic perspectivesScarring effects