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Multiple channel rivers characterized by stable islands that divide flows at bankfull are termed anabranching. They consist of a diverse group ranging from low energy with organic and/or fine clastic alluvial floodplains (anastomosing rivers), to high-energy gravel systems, with some carved into bedrock. Anabranching is not as common as single channel meandering or braiding but it nevertheless occurs widely in rivers from the subarctic to the tropics and from humid alpine to lowland arid regions. There are even examples on Mars. Importantly, it is the dominant pattern on the world’s largest alluvial rivers, suggesting that there is a size that a single-channel system cannot exceed and remain stable. Modeling and empirical research have shown that the introduction of islands reduces width/depth ratios and this enhances bed shear stress and associated sediment transport over gradients that would otherwise be insufficient for system stability. The same modeling reveals that in underload

Late holoceneMiddle agesIndustrial revolutionFlow efficiencyLow modelingLarge riversRiparian vegetationIver classificationRiver management