Efficacy of Nanofiltration and Reverse Osmosis for the Treatment of Oil-Field Produced Water Intended for Beneficial Reuse
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Westwood Insight – Impact of UK ETS Reforms on the Offshore Oil and Gas Industry
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Manganese-rich NASICON-type materials have triggered widespread attention for developing advanced polyanionic cathodes, primarily driven by their abundant reserves and promising cycling performance with high operating voltages (~3.8 V for Mn2+/3+/4+, versus Na+/Na). However, the charge/discharge profiles exhibit significant voltage hysteresis, which leads to a limited reversible capacity, thereby preventing their application. Here, we demonstrate that the voltage hysteresis in manganese-rich NASICON-type cathodes (Na3MnTi(PO4)3) is closely related to the intrinsic anti-site defect (IASD), which forms during synthesis and is captured in our characterizations. Combining electrochemical analysis and spectroscopic techniques, we draw a comprehensive picture of sluggish Na+ diffusion behaviours in the IASD-affected structure during cycling, and rationalize the relationship of voltage hysteresis, phase separation and delayed charge compensation. Furthermore, a Mo-doping strategy is dev