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The Middle East and North Africa (MENA) region has a fixation with subsidizing consumer goods, particularly water, food, and energy. Subsidies are often introduced to protect the poor and vulnerable, but their effectiveness in reducing poverty is limited. Subsidies that are meant to protect the poor typically benefit the middle and richest classes more. This has been well established for energy subsidies. But even for food subsidies, the leakage to the non-poor tends to be extensive. In Egypt, the food subsidy system covers most of the poor, vulnerable, and middle-income groups, and while targeting has improved, still more than half the households in the richest 20% receive benefits. In Tunisia,  the per capita amount of food and energy subsidies received by the most affluent is three times the amount received by the poorest households.

Ministry of financeAl qahirahWorld bankMiddle eastNorth africaEgypt social