Modern distribution networks are undergoing major changes with the increased uptake of rooftop photovoltaic (PV) units in low voltage (LV) residential distribution networks. These renewable based distributed energy resources (DERs) impose adverse effects which can propagate from LV to medium voltage (MV) and high voltage (HV) levels. Some of the major areas of concern to network operators include reverse power flow, voltage unbalance, voltage rise, increased harmonics, increased potential of islanding, and component and line overloading. These issues create both an operational mitigation requirement and a need for Distribution Network Service Providers (DNSPs) to adjust LV network design procedures.
In Australia DNSPs are bound by strict regulation to provide supply to customers complying with several power quality standards. Australian Standard AS 61000.3.100 requires the voltage at the consumer point of supply to be within +10%, -6% of the 230 V nominal for single phase LV customers.
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