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Forced labour and mortality in nineteenth-century Java | VOX, CEPR Policy Portal

The Cultivation System implemented by the Dutch in Indonesia forced Javanese peasants to devote a substantial share of their land and labour to the production of various cash crops in exchange for a small payment. This column examines how the regime affected the health of the population in 19th-century Java. The authors find that a higher number of workers called up for labour

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Forced labour in nineteenth century Java cost many lives

In the nineteenth century, Javanese peasants were forced to work on plantations for low wages. This was an economic success, but at the cost of a

Noord hollandDutch east indiesAuke rijpmaDaniel gallardo albarrWageningen university researchUtrecht universityPim de zwartForced laborWageningen universityCultivation systemDutch cultivation system

The Demographic Effects of Colonialism: Forced Labor and Mortality in Java, 1834–1879 | The Journal of Economic History

The Demographic Effects of Colonialism: Forced Labor and Mortality in Java, 1834–1879

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Development of a Sustainability Metrics System and a Technical Solution Method for Sustainable Metal Finishing: AESF Research Project #R-121, 6th Quarterly Report

Development of a Sustainability Metrics System and a Technical Solution Method for Sustainable Metal Finishing: AESF Research Project #R-121, 6th Quarterly Report
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الزراعة العضوية وإمكانية التوسع فيها

الزراعة العضوية وإمكانية التوسع فيها
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