During World War II, the strategic bombing campaign evolved as both the Axis and Allies adjusted tactics and technology. Initially, both sides lacked the resources they theorized would be crucial for victory.
These impressive structures were constructed to protect the Nazi submarine fleet from aerial attacks during their refueling, refitting, or repairing, and they were almost indestructible.
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Economic warfare, including blockades of essential goods and bombings of industry, was widely used in WWII but with limited impact. This column explores Mançur Olson’s explanation, which is underpinned by the elementary economic concept of substitution. Olson argued that there are no essential goods; there are only essential uses, which can generally be supplied in many ways.