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One key, but often forgotten, player in Arabia at that time was the kingdom of Himyar. Himyar was established around the 2nd century AD, and by the 4th century had become a regional power. Based in today’s Yemen, Himyar had conquered neighboring states, including the ancient kingdom of Sheba (whose queen met with Solomon).
In a recent article titled “
What kind of Judaism in Arabia? ” Christian Robin, a French epigraphist and historian who also a leader of the expedition at Bir Hima, says most scholars now agree that, around 380 AD, the elites of the kingdom of Himyar converted to Judaism.