Series of hearings on the state of the federal judiciary in the 21st century. This hearing we will investigate ideas for promoting ethics, accountability, and transparency in the federal courts. We focus on these ideas and our first hearing on the judiciary because they flow from two foundational principles of due process. First, that no one can be a judge in his own case. Second, to quote former Supreme Court Justice Felix frankfurter, justice must satisfy the appearance of justice. Both rules embody the understanding that the constitutions implicit promise of equal justice under law depends on at least two things that our court must be fair, independent and impartial and that we must also believe that our courts are fair, independent, and impartial. Justice must satisfy the appearance of justice. It might take a second but we intuitively understand that. It means that as the Supreme Court recently explained, both the appearance and reality of impartial justice are necessary to the pu