Vascular disorders, which include myocardial infarction, stroke, renal failure, and peripheral vascular disease, continue to account for one-third of all deaths in the United States, Europe, and developing countries (World Health Organisation, 2021). The activation of vascular smooth muscle cells (VSMCs) is critical in the development of a variety of vascular disorders.
Understanding how cancer develops is critical for designing effective, personalized cancer therapies. Researchers have known for years that cancer begins with mutations in certain types of genes.