Abstract. When the Black Death struck Western Europe in late 1347, city dwellers across the region were already practising public health, in part by building, m
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In his influential sixteenth-century treatise
Of Englishe Dogges, physician John Caius followed the medieval practice of categorizing dogs mostly by “office,” not breed. Hunting dogs and “gentle” lapdogs stood at the top of the social hierarchy. At the bottom were dogs of the “mungrell and rascal sort” who failed to “exercise any worthy property of the true perfect and gentle kind.”
Rawcliffe writes that laws reinforced the status hierarchies among dogs. One barred people without landed income from keeping hunting dogs. The idea was that artisans, tradesmen, and laborers might use the dogs to help poach game and possibly use hunting expeditions as cover for rebellious conspiracies.