Vaccines are a critical tool for the control strategy for foot-and-mouth disease (FMD) in Mongolia where sporadic outbreaks regularly occur. A two-dose primary vaccination course is recommended for most commercial vaccines though this can be logistically challenging to deliver among nomadic pastoralist systems which predominate in the country. Although there is evidence that very high potency vaccines can provide prolonged duration of immunity, this has not been demonstrated under field conditions using commercially available vaccines. This study compared neutralising titres to a O/ME-SA/Panasia strain over a six-month period following either a two-dose primary course or a single double-dose vaccination among Mongolian sheep and cattle using a 6.0 PD50 vaccine. Titres were not significantly different between groups except in sheep at six-months post vaccination when the single double-dose group had significantly lower titres. These results indicate the single double-dose regimen may be
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Veronica Guerrieri, Guido Lorenzoni, Ludwig Straub, Iván Werning
The Covid-19 shock is unprecedented in its origin and impact. Seen through the lens of macroeconomics, the spread of the epidemic and the measures adopted to counter it have led to an unusual and simultaneous sharp fall in both supply and demand. Scholars have debated extensively the impact of this shock on firms pricing behaviour, which is difficult to predict due to its exceptional features but is of utmost importance as Covid-19 struck the US and euro area economies in the context of a persistently low inflation environment.
The debate has mainly focused on the prevalence of the demand versus supply channels, or on the ties between them (Baqaee and Farhi 2020, Bekaert et al. 2020, Brinca et al. 2020, del Rio-Chanona et al. 2020). A theory of Keynesian supply shocks has emerged (Guerrieri et al., 2020) where temporary supply shortages that asymmetrically affect different sectors of the economy trigger a contracti