Abu Rayhan Muhammad ibn Ahmad al-Biruni (973-1048 CE), a distinguished Muslim scholar and polymath, made profound contributions across diverse disciplines, including physics, mathematics, astronomy, and anthropology. Al-Biruni's capture by Mahmud of Ghazni in 1017 CE marked a transformative period. Despite captivity, he thrived intellectually, contributing significantly to Indology during his over-decade-long sojourn in northwest India. His famed work, Tarikh al-Hind, reflects his deep engagement with Indian religion, culture, and science, and he played a crucial role in bridging cultures, particularly through extensive interactions in Kashmir. His exploration of Kashmir’s geography and history in works like Tārīkh al-Hind reveals an acute understanding of the region's topography and strategic importance. Despite challenges, he documented the resistance and autonomy of Kashmir against external forces. Al-Biruni's accounts of medieval Kashmir's rulers and scienti