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Colistin and carbapenems are two categories of antibiotics utilized as a last-resort treatment for infections caused by multi-drug resistant (MDR) and extensively drug resistant (XDR) bacteria. Resistance to these last lines of defence can eventuate total antibiotic resistance. At present, there is scarcity of research present to estimate the current load and impact of the residual concentrations of colistin and carbapenems on environmental microbiome. However, there have been several reports demonstrating resistance development to colistin and carbapenems in a range of environmental compartments in the past few years. Most of their dosage is discharged as waste in its original form, thereby making its way into the urban wastewater. Expected low environmental concentrations, complex structures, stability, and interfering substances make quantification of colistin and carbapenems from environmental samples extremely challenging. There are a few major knowledge gaps addressed in this PhD