One of the most productive periods in the history of the region from Iran to Anatolia (in modern Turkey) corresponds to the rule of the Seljuqs and their immediate successors, from 1038 .
Thangkas are sacred artifacts; therefore, conducting scientific examinations of these paintings is not common. Based on this significant ethical challenge, a study published in the journal Heritage proposed a non-invasive three-stage technique that carefully investigates each layer of the painting, successfully assessing various production stages such as color notations, underdrawing, and painting techniques.