Almost since the advent of warfare, civilians have suffered ‘collateral damage’, but the concept of Total War – a war without limits – only surfaced in the early part of the twentieth century.
The early battles of North Africa between the Axis powers and the British Commonwealth and her European allies were among the very last clashes of chivalry.
The early battles of North Africa between the Axis powers and the British Commonwealth and her European allies were among the very last clashes of chivalry.
By the middle of 1811, Brigadier General Robert Craufurd’s Light Division was emerging as the elite of the Peninsular Army and Wellington was seeking opportunities to go over to the offensive, following the expulsion of Marshal Masséna from Portugal.