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The new strains of coronavirus (SARS-CoV-2) have become a cause of concern when countries are rolling out large-scale vaccination programmes. The variants from Britain, Brazil, South Africa and the United States are reportedly partially resistant to the vaccines. Recent reports of more infectious variants have had the alarm bells ringing. Among scientists, however, the new viral strains have spurred renewed interest in the responses from the “layers” of immunity, specifically by understanding the contributions of B cells and T cells to immunity. This has implications for treatments and vaccines. What are antibodies? How do they boost immunity? Antibodies (aka immunoglobulins) are the first line of defence. They are also known as “neutralising antibodies”, and are a key factor in the protection against SARS-CoV-2 infection. These large, Y-shaped proteins are used by our immune system to identify and “neutralise” viruses. It’s important to remember that the antibodies

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