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How capitalism was built transformation central and eastern europe russia caucasus and central asia 2nd edition | Economic development and growth

How capitalism was built transformation central and eastern europe russia caucasus and central asia 2nd edition | Economic development and growth
cambridge.org - get the latest breaking news, showbiz & celebrity photos, sport news & rumours, viral videos and top stories from cambridge.org Daily Mail and Mail on Sunday newspapers.

How capitalism was built transformation central and eastern europe russia caucasus and central asia 2nd edition | Economic development and growth

How capitalism was built transformation central and eastern europe russia caucasus and central asia 2nd edition | Economic development and growth
cambridge.org - get the latest breaking news, showbiz & celebrity photos, sport news & rumours, viral videos and top stories from cambridge.org Daily Mail and Mail on Sunday newspapers.

Economic Diversification in Africa: How and Why It Matters

Carnegie Endowment for International Peace Source: Getty Summary:  Many African countries have placed economic diversification high on the policy agenda, yet they first need to define what it means in their specific structural and socioeconomic contexts. Related Media and Tools If you enjoyed reading this, subscribe for more! Thank you! Summary For decades, economic diversification has been a policy priority for low- and middle-income economies. In the words of former managing director of the International Monetary Fund (IMF), Christine Lagarde, “We know that economic diversification is good for growth. Diversification is also tremendously important for resilience.” Unfortunately, this goal continues to elude many African countries. In fact, the continent is home to eight of the world’s fifteen least economically diversified countries. This reality weakens the foundation of their economic transfomation and slows their pace of progress. It also makes these countries part

Do credit supply shocks affect employment in middle-income countries?

Do credit supply shocks affect employment in middle-income countries? Image Small and medium-size firms (SMEs) have been a subject of great interest to scholars and policy makers, as these enterprises play a critical role in the provision of employment around the globe (Ayyagari et al. 2011). However, the ability of SMEs to create jobs is hampered by their limited access to adequate finance, particularly in low- and middle-income economies (LMIEs) in which credit constraints are severe et al. 2003; Ayyagari et al. 2011; Stein et al. 2010). Having lower saving rates, weaker investor protection, underdeveloped credit bureaus, and less competitive banking environments, LMIEs have credit markets that are smaller and less efficient in dealing with informational asymmetries (La Porta et al. 1997; Djankov et al. 2007; Calomiris et al. 2017). Thus, SMEs in these countries face higher interest rates, larger credit constraints, and higher costs of switching across banks, implying that they a

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