Norwich. Stamford our ally Southampton e.c.s. Willimantic. Fairfield and w. Npr dot org. From a campaign trail I believe that in a modern moral and wealthy society no person in America should be too poor to live you're sharing different visions for the future I will work tirelessly every year for your children my children and. Your marriage and 3 listen to all things considered to hear the bigger picture from n.p.r. News. And weekday afternoons at 4. Coming up here on the b.b.c. World Service after the news it's hard to talk with me as they now but all we know how to do what's known as one of Asia's strong men he steered Malays here through economic crises and managed to transform the country into one of the continent's successful manufacturing powers he stepped down in 2003 after more than 20 years in office but now at 93 he's back in power but I think the last stint as I. Did not in people condemning me for not developing their country they call their country and the Asian tiger No I've been asked to do something I would say when will you stop 2 years and hand over to and why you bring in that this would be good nation once stop but I made a promise I will stick by my 2 years and then you'll step down at $95.00 yes that's my laziest Prime Minister Mahathir Mohamad or hard talk after the news. This is the b.b.c. News Hello I'm Jonathan Azhar the Indonesian president Yoko Widodo has made his 2nd visit to parts of the island of the way see they were hit by a devastating earthquake and tsunami he said that returning to the disaster zone he had observed that efforts to help survivors were gathering pace and that he wanted to see people return to their daily activities 7 cargo planes landed in Palo on Wednesday morning the B.B.C.'s Jonathan Head is that there are very very long road journeys into this town it's very isolated it takes them a long time they would be wild about looting as well any police escorts to get them in but really what's needed on the ground here is some kind of system for distributing it it's still not clear how they would do that people are very desperate and the truck that comes in is only as likely to be swamped and we're beginning to see some signs of organizations in government buildings where that is where there are displaced people but where they're beginning to prepare the possibilities of a distribution but it's it's very early days yet it's going to take them I think several more days before there is something systematic that many of the earthquake victims will actually feel helps them China has ordered one of its biggest film stars to pay nearly 130000000 dollars in fines and unpaid taxes 3 months after she disappeared has been intense speculation about the whereabouts of fan bin being one of the few Chinese actors to break into Hollywood Robyn Brandt reports found bin being is China's best known female acting star yet she disappeared from view in June after weeks of what was almost certainly secret detention she is now being told to pay the equivalent of around $130000000.00 in back taxes and fines state media says she used her companies and misleading contracts to under-report her film earnings it's reported that the actress who appeared in the X.-Men movies won't be sent to prison if she pays up the United Nation's highest court is due to rule shortly on Iran's appeal to suspend the sanctions put in place by President Trump after he pulled the u.s. Out of a nuclear deal with Tehran Iran has argued that the into. National Court of Justice these latest u.s. Sanctions are causing suffering to the Iranian people from the Hague his Anna Holligan Iran brought his lawsuit under a friendship treaty signed in 1955 before the Islamic revolution under the 2015 deal to Iran agree to limit its nuclear program and give access to international inspectors in return for an end to Western sanctions despite being the UN's highest course the i.c.j. Has no powers of enforcement some of its previous rulings have been ignored by both countries Iran's Foreign Minister Zarif says his country is willing to hold talks with the u.s. But has expressed concern about the reliability of President Trump as a negotiating partner in a b.b.c. Interview Mr Zarif rejected the idea of a summit like the one held by Mr Trump with North Korea's leader Kim Jong un he said that would only result in a photo opportunity this is the world news from the b.b.c. Police in France say a notorious gangster who broke out of jail using a hijacked helicopter has been recaptured after 3 months on the run but one Fayed one of France's most wanted criminals was detained in the northern region of Craig Fayed was having a 25 year jail sentence for armed robbery when he was helped to escape in July. For the 1st time in its history the U.K.'s most senior court will have a majority of female judges when it here's a case in London today Coleman has more details on Monday lady Arden was sworn in as the Supremes court's female justice alongside its president Baroness Hale and Lady Black today all 3 will sit in a case with 2 male justices giving the court its 1st ever female majority the law it's often said takes its time and has taken the highest court in the land 600 years to achieve this milestone all around 50 percent of the population's female just 29 percent of court judges are women farmers in India who staged a mass March to the capital Delhi say they've ended their protest because the government has accepted many of their demands on Tuesday tens of thousands of farmers clashed with police who stopped them from entering Delhi but Overnight several 1000 farmers were allowed to proceed they say the government has now agreed to increase crop prices about half India's population relies on farming but many say they are vulnerable and struggle to survive a tiny robot has landed on an asteroid as it pursues a mission to find clues to the origin of the solar system the mascot craft launched from a Japanese probe landed safely on the Rio 2 asteroid and made contact with its team the robot part of a French and German collaboration is about the size of a shoe box and will move around where you grew by hopping with a battery life of just 15 hours it will analyze the composition of the surface of the samples will be returned to Earth in 2 years' time b.b.c. News. Now in the b.b.c. World Service hard talk and some people may find the opinions expressed towards the end of the program offensive welcome to hard talk on the b.b.c. World Service with me Zainab as are we my guests today is the oldest head of government in the world Malaysia's prime minister Mahathir Mohamad he came back to office in May after a shock election victory against his own former ruling coalition the country has been mired in allegations of corruption swirling around the previous government which has dented confidence at home and abroad 1st time round matter was prime minister for more than 20 consecutive years until 2003 can he leave his own checkered past behind and lead to Malaysia to a brighter future Prime Minister Mahathir Mohamad welcome to hard talk thank you extraordinary return to power in May for you after 15 years of retirement What made you want to return to government the people came to me 3 couldn't leave groups of people asking me to please do something about the government. Not the kind of usual government is where your place if he's very corrupt so you've got these big corruption case against the former prime minister Najib Razak in connection with one n.d.p. Which is the states offering fund 6 $180000000.00 missing he says he was given that by the Saudi royal family and that he's done nothing wrong and when there was a case against him when he was prime minister he was cleared of all charges you seem to think he's already guilty. Well he says Q Then he got the refrain from Saudi but nobody ever gives that amount of money to anybody how do you feel the world how do you know where I have never read of anybody getting that kind of well we have you asked Saudis whether they did or not. Well how do you see if they have given the money when the move leaves a trail behind their documents children too who believe that the money was in their bang and then the bank and send the money over and how did they get the money in the 1st place so his property is property is connected to him have all been raided and $28600000.00 in cash was found plus $400.00. Bags belonging to his wife and you said it is all for us that he has stolen money shouldn't you really leave all this to the courts well in the 1st place the Americas the Department of Justice found that statement that the money was stolen from one m. D. B. They wouldn't have made that statement unless they have proof they would prove that it was stolen money. But it doesn't necessarily mean that the former prime minister Najib resign extolled anyway I mean should you not allow the courts where you don't have enough process of long enough for us to put him before the charge she ended up to the court to decide whether the disease or he's denial is great all right but he has denied this just to make sure that you know that I mean what 430 designer handbags I mean you're Finance Minister Lim go on a ng says realistically the hopes of recovering 30 percent of the money misappropriated that's all you can hope for you're not going to go very far by trying to revivify your economy with the proceeds of 432100 bags only or we're not talking abut a big saloon it's looking about love so many billions of dollars which has been stolen and is known not to be found all right when you were Prime Minister you said a couple of years ago in an interview that there was corruption that happened when I was prime minister but not on this scale so do you accept any of the blame yourself for the state of affairs that Malays it finds itself in now mired in corruption allegations he. Blamed then all governments must accept the blame because. These corruption is found everywhere. They use new kind of they came Bourse this year has no corruption at all. Did you perhaps set in motion something which we see today because after all you were head of this ruling coalition which has been in power for more than 60 years. Was somebody that you thought would be a good prime minister So you were part of the system no this system may be the same but the memory is different. I mean that system has had for Prime Minister 5 Bramley since before him in the days. Of mind. Of corruption on that scale against all those 4 but the system can be abused and what he did was to make you see the draw. Allegedly as I keep saying Prime Minister Najib resign as he is not gay would see as entirely innocent but in the time that you were prime minister a book about you by the Wall Street Journal's Barry Wain claim that $100000000000.00 ringgit it's about tens of billions worth of dollars went missing on to your watch That's a lot of money and that them the didn't prove that I threw in the money but we did lose money because some more for people get involved in the in the laws for many it was it was a me I had I couldn't take the blame for somebody doing being corrupt so you haven't benefited yourself personally living a lavish lifestyle or anything like that they have seen my words they have seen my lifestyle and they nor I had to leave live like the present the last prime minister so. I was somebody you had approved of as I said in some of his previous as one of the last but are we and and why it Brahim of course it was your deputy prime minister when you were in power 998 you pushed him out as deputy prime minister just said because he was pointing to state contracts which were being awarded to some of your cronies that's what is that at the time when you thought I don't want this man hanging about really since we saw the case against him he says trumped up charges of sodomy. Read it think it was guilty thought to me. Because he said that they he was guilty and even through jail it wasn't me. What he says about these a. Or b. And he's a nation. Where they destroy or not is up to the court to decide to do prosecutors and the defense suffer terribly He spent 6 years at the best part of a decade but 6 years that installed a tree confinement denied access to his children he's a father of 6 and you know even when he was released in 2004 when you were no longer prime minister you continue to rage against him you said Imagine having a gay prime minister nobody would be safe that's what you said. To them but you silly for me to work with him throughout the year. As Prime Minister so both of us decided to forget by the us because this is far more important and we focus on that issue and the thing else so often he was released now on after royal pards and he told the b.b.c. . That man had told him that he had made a mistake and that he wants the chance to make amends that's what you told us that he's hoping the end Well that's what he said you told him I didn't tell him that you didn't I didn't tell him but other people put words into my mouth because they won me to apologise but I've never made any formal apologies to him you haven't you don't regret what happened to him well lately that he has been good to give but that makes using his children and I started to leave boys daily because he would be said by the courts it was not done by me. But do you feel sorry for him that he went through what he did well I feel sorry for people who have. Been sent. To jail by the by the court it's interesting because this is his exact quote he said because he's reassured his supporters of your trans formation because you know a lot of people are upset about what happened. When you were prime minister he says McAteer has proven his tenacity accepted policy limitations apologized and sacrificed his time and energy to raise the dignity of the people and the country you have but one as these are Anwar Ibrahim's wife as your deputy prime minister so is all this not true that you didn't apologize you didn't express regret regret this will not discuss that we will concentrate on get the leader Nancy All right so he says he's also raised with you the fact that you have brought back some of the old guard into your government and he has said look I'm concerned about this and that you said to him I need to tease people because I need them to carry out the reforms that we want to if he joins the government and becomes a prime minister there will be and all got also because he was with me a deputy prime minister for very long time so I evoked him of being baked people who have served me then I think I will have to rely on people reason or experience and these people join me they had the opinion. So they want to join together to form a coalition. Against. So you're bringing back some of these old faces as I said my head Dean Yaseen the Home Minister your son McCurry is the chief minister of state and Zeno Dean as head of the Council of and in and persons you know your advisors now say these are some of the old faces from your old. When you were in power until 2003 the criticisms are that you launched vigorous attacks on the Judiciary you used Internal Security Act to repress dissent and. You know people who opposed you so I mean should we be no office no why shouldn't season begins people who would give me the position and as for my son he was not allowed to go into politics until I resigned and there was no longer the family then only he became the chief minister not during my time you make it seem as though because you know you were described as one of Asia's strong men and that your rule was sometimes repressive let me give you an example in the South China Morning Post Lynette Aung who's a professor of political science at the University of Toronto says I grew up in Malaysia during the match here Mohammed era when the country was part of the coveted Asian Tigers club that boasted strong economic growth yet much of the prosperity came at the expense of curbed political expression and restricted civil liberties over a long period the law and judiciary is that of delivering justice have been used by the government as a weapon against political opponents and dissidents or. Has she done in the oh I have been a ques of being a dictator. And now I come back after more than 20 years in power was a long enough time we need to develop the country so do so she's talking about you know using some of the north of the state I'll ask you this then will you revoke the addition Act and the security Offenses Act which have been used to suppress free gyms does seem war laws. Before. I became prime minister and the 1st 2nd and 3rd term is used to seem law to detain people. See the but then. There when I had to eat song well I'm not asking you now because you're sitting in front of me on hard talk and so I'm putting it to you if I had a chance to talk to them I don't ask them that so we'll give you the background will you will you be folk this tradition act. Clearly offensive. There. I see internal security eg allows the prime minister of the government to detain people that was there when I was there is now been. But we have another law even worse to police the law which was. And that was done by I have met. The concern is that as honest international said that Pakistan Hereupon your alliance of hope as they came to office on a wave of good will made to hope the true progress on human rights was coming to the country the danger now is that human rights was slowed you received as a priority the longer you are in power because it receding as a priority you seem to just get away you know didn't release for a piece about what they heard the raid didn't do in the investigation we have abolished dies but the biggest go. To a worse role. Allows him to detain people even without declaring a state of emergency saw these are the true facts I'm just International has recently issued a review of your government's 1st 100 days in office and they may reported for example that you are a thief and Malays is retrograde affirmative action which gives all signs sorts of benefits and advantages to the middle a ethnic people in your country are about 32000000 people 60 percent of them are ethnic Malays you know all sorts of advantages housing jobs and so on and so forth . Why don't you stop this affirmative as the whole thing is we at the end of. The disparity in Wales between the Malays and others we have to bring up the Middle East has to be as healthy or Israel off as the others that needs correction because the p.l.o. Disparity to sell it becomes bigger and bigger and then there will be tension in the city there will be even siting in the can but it's creating tensions now with the other ethnicities. Well I mean you look at the Brain Drain ethnic Chinese Malays you know they've left about a 3rd of Malays is 1000000 strong dry Asper are highly skilled migrants many of them ethnic Chinese they're voting with their feet because they find that the jobs they help where they're welcome to go but many of them are very loyal to Malaysia yesterday I had lunch with them and they all waving legs although they have been part of the diaspora of nothing and I mean our except your coalition has got. That for example the Chinese dominated Democratic Action Party is part of your coalition but you can't categorically state that affirmative action in favor of the ethnic Malays who you say needed is not going to result in discrimination against Malays the other ethnic communities there's been no discrimination because if you go. You will find there's. Victims of. Policy none of the richest people in the world in in Malaysia right so you talk about the richest people in Malays countries in a bit of a bad state very high level of debt 54 percent of g.d.p. Got a huge funding gap you can't do all the things that you want to do trying to remove international investors and so on. But one very high catching policy you've made is to cancel $23000000000.00 worth of infrastructure projects backed by China and also Singapore and this is caused you know some concern amongst international investors that you've done this you prefer what you call debt colonialism on the part of the Chinese are you worried about the Chinese playing a little lonely accuse the Chinese I merely see it that they are other forms of colonialism and one of them was neo colonialism which was coined by President. That's what I said Are you worried about the Chinese there when you say a new form of colonialism is that your point in that they're not coming this one through invest in believe that they have seen me many of them have seen me even recently and they don't seem to be in any really angry with me because of what I see them getting Colin it is a do you see them as bringing about a new form of colonialism with their 11 of the structural projects around one bed one road is Ok but you see some people lend big pieces of land to the Chinese where they are going to build a city which is very very luxury is meant for their people to come and live day 700000 of them that is not fall in that investment falling that the investment is about bringing money brain technology setting up plans to employ that we accept but when you don't want Chinese people coming to settle in Malaysia No no one's other people do come on must do for their country and settle there is look at what's happening in Europe now telling all the Syrians to go away is it because you don't want ethnic Chinese living in Malaysia to have even the v D's Sudanese they are welcome here but. If you come by the me. No Entry you also refer to the South China scenes in your recent United Nations speech and of course we've got a big dispute there between China and some of its Asian neighbors the lazier the Philippines and so on are you worried that China is flexing its muscles there I explained that it. Has every right to go wherever they want to go but please. Check on cheap or prevent ships from passing through the Straits of Malacca and the South China Sea There's already one and you see this escalating. Believe if people begin to eat did and provoked at. Which may be one of those who might provoke China. Some would view was comparable it is since trying. To. Who is that the United States is thinking on through if you can guess I didn't have to mention the word I'm not as Are you saying there could be a conflagration military one between the United States and China over the South China Sea a list of reasons not to have Bethel sheaves and warships in the south and the sea because the people. Stationing their war warships there there would be tension there would be conflict and the result in a war Ok in your un speech you also talked about the worsening plight of the Palestinians as you described it and was many would agree with you on that particular statement they wouldn't agree with your stance on Jews in the world and the Israeli press for instance is described to you as their proud anti seed might. Want to accept that you are an anti mind there are many leeches in this world I've said nasty things about them they never accused me or be in these and into that but. A special you cannot even mention that in the whole Course is not 66000000 but 4000000 who are victims of the whole accords that is and the. Well let me tell you about what you said as a conference in 2010 according to reports in the British press even this is what you said about the Jews even after their massacre by the Nazis to survive to be a source of even greater problems to the world in 1970 in your book the middle a dialogue made use of the Jews are not made a hook nosed but understand money instinctively these kinds of things are not acceptable are they Prime Minister Well lots of people have seen massive things are bought us Malays live the in all kinds of the why didn't they get up against them that is in no pinion. I hope in the end of things to stand by that those sorts of opinions if you're going to be truthful the problem in the Middle East begin with the Commission or to state of Israel that is it through all truth but I cannot see that why is it that you cannot these why you say. Good with money it's not really news. It's well I'm sure that many people would rarely find that very offensive many people called the Malays that no. We didn't object b. Dealing with the wall for that right Ok. But coming to the end of this interview at $93.00. With all respect you have the energy and vision to take my legacy afford and accomplish the reforms it's a needed to set the country on a new path of prosperity. And I think my last stint as. Did not result in people can bending me for not developing their country they don't call the n.t. And the Asian tiger during my last the No I've been asked to do something I would say when will you stop 2 years and handover to n.y. Ibrahim Yeah it's been reported that this would be a good nation once out stall but I made a promise I will stick by mouth from these 2 years and then you'll step down at 95 yes I promised him I had to Mohammed thank you very much indeed for coming on hard talk of. Distribution of the b.b.c. World Service in the us was made possible by American Public Media producer and distributor of award Marine public radio contact a.p.m. American Public Media with support from Forex dot com empowering traders to seize opportunities in currency markets since 1940 Forex dot com It's your world trade for extruding involves significant risk for us. You're listening to the b.b.c. World Service with me Ed Butler today we're looking at Brazil on business daily ahead of highly charged elections their far right against far left seems to be the choice facing most voters that's fueled by the specter of in damage corruption in the country half of its mainstream politicians are now facing investigation so what's next for Brazil in a couple of minutes. B.b.c. News with Jonathan Izod the Indonesian president Djoko Widodo has made a 2nd visit to parts of the island of the way see there were hit by a devastating earthquake and tsunami he said efforts to help survivors appeared to be gathering pace and that he wanted to see people return to their daily activities at least $1400.00 people are known to have died China has ordered one of its biggest film stars to pay nearly 100 $30000000.00 in fines and unpaid taxes 3 months after she disappeared your thought is said found in being one of the few Chinese actors to break into Hollywood would avoid a prison sentence if she paid has been intense speculation about her whereabouts the United Nation's highest court is due to rule shortly on Iran's appeal to suspend the sanctions put in place by President Trump after he pulled the u.s. Out of a nuclear deal with Tehran Iran has argued at the International Court of Justice that these latest u.s. Sanctions are causing suffering to the Iranian people and are in violation of a 1955 treaty between the 2 countries. One of France's most wanted criminals has been recaptured 3 months after he escaped from jail using a hijacked helicopter read one Fayed was detained in the north of the country the Afghan Taliban have confirmed that 20 of them militants have been killed in a series of u.s. Drone attacks in the east of the country the Taliban were apparently fighting members of the Islamic State in one province Australian researchers say the country should be effectively free of cervical cancer within 10 years because of a vaccination program against one of the leading causes of the disease teenagers have been inoculated against h.p.v. Virus since the 1990 s. a Tiny robot has landed on asteroid as it pursues a mission to find clues to the origins of the solar system the mascot craft which launched from a Japanese probe landed safely on the real good asteroid and made contact with its team the robot which is part of the French and German collaboration is about the size of a shoe box and will move around real Dubai hopping b.b.c. News. Hello I'm Ed Butler welcome to business daily from the b.b.c. Coming up election time in Brazil we have a firsthand description of vote buying by one local man there was kind of an exchange that went on where he paid their bells with a kind of implicit promise that they would support him in the election and actually outright vote buying as well the going rate was around $25.00 corruption has plagued Brazil's politics but decades but what hope now for the operation aimed at rooting it out there's a level of 14 with the sheer amount of corruption that this investigation has uncovered whichever of these candidates ends up winning the country is still going to be in substantial social and political turmoil that's to come in business daily from the b.b.c. . The sound of campaign is on the streets of Sao Paolo as they have been all over Brazil this week indicating our high the heat has risen the head of the 1st round presidential election due to take place next week and anger with politics as usual seems to be everywhere Yes Well perhaps it is a global complaint but Brazilians have more cause than most more than half of the current crop of congressmen and women from all major parties are under investigation at the moment in connection with some form of corruption and this week 2 of the country's most recent presidents have been further implicated Brazilians say they have had it with corruption and the polls suggest that directing their votes accordingly towards fall eft and far right wing candidates some Brazilian businesses have joined the push to clean up the system they founded a school for only 6 new politicians as they describe it a high profile initiative with dozens of graduates running for office this year the B.B.C.'s Daniel Gallus has been speaking to some of them. Car. Door to door for. The final week of general election this time different. I think you know. I was elected. 5000 people here with a lot of classes. Talking about the system how it works how to be a politician in Brazil what is important. Is a 29 year old engineer running her 1st campaign for a congress seat she's talking about her experience with him off a big school set up by businesspeople who want to forge a new generation of leaders. Skilled with Columbia and Oxford in her in the private sector should be the dream of recruiters but not in Brazilian politics why go into politics. Because it's so corrupt it's very very important for us to be part of this. We know that is a lot of chaos here so that's why we. With new projects. Have to be part of the change. What do you think you can do differently. Is very corrupt for everyone I would say that is very very important to change. Because it only protects the old politician and I think this must be the we have to change that before for change everything else. Political reform the corruption of politics is astonishing Let's take the 26th of the for instance you're hearing the Congress and. And in the back room. That is not good to see Billy teach him a joke do you know. The ruling and opposition parties both the alst that ended a new president absolutely everyone was involved in graft scandals half of all $513.00 Brazilian in peace and quietness are currently under investigation for corruption so it's not just a few corrupt politicians or parties in Brazil it's a whole system that's rocked and what we're trying to accomplish here to change the dynamics of Brazilian politics by bringing new blood we've really qualified people to Burson and politics it ought to be fighting and spent years working with private equity but last year he got fed up with business as usual is N.G.O.s slash school for politicians kind of a bad he teaches people how to fund and run their campaigns specialists are brought in to help people identify unethical pitfalls How do you spot the good politician the person who is a good candidate a good fit for your school I would say 3 major current or sticks 1st is a resilience you have to keep your head up and you know there will be ups and downs and 2nd pointers have been like a history of believe very naughty history of just talking you know we believe that we need people who can roll up their sleeves and get things done and the 3rd is their willingness to serve so we believe that we need to bring that back to the table and so people understand that they when they're voting for someone they're hiring someone to do the job that they can't do but even if they're very qualified people it's a very tough system to get in because there's a lot of corruption and those who are corrupt have a lot of advantages in this so can an honest person make it in this world at least enter politics I think the. If you do in your research with Brazilian voters today there will essentially give you 2 answers that they are fed up with the current politicians and that they would like to see new practices and new individuals and we felt we had to start somewhere so the political arena vision which is an aspiration of the president society as a whole will start in this 2018 election and will most likely continue and will grow over the next 2 years business manager for Ed speaking to the B.B.C.'s Daniel Gallus that well is a reason corruption in Brazil is so deep seated with the state a huge employer in many parts of the country and the allocation of state contracts in the hands of a few elected officials politicians are in a position to siphon off huge sums if they want to to finance their own reelection campaigns Sarah massively correspondent for The Economist magazine in Brazil has seen this for as self when she visited the town of Moree see in the country's northeast and what do you see as a town of around 28000 people in the poor northeastern state of a local was and basically the morning I got there I had planned to spend the day with a city councilman and by 9 in the morning he had a crowd of people lined up outside his house very poor people with little bits of paper their prescription medicines receipts for x. Rays and other medical procedures their gas and electricity bills you know they were essentially just knowing that there was an election coming up and there was kind of an exchange that went on where he took care of these financial problems they hadn't paid their bills with the kind of implicit promise that they would support him in the election and this is a town where the biggest employers the mayor's office who is actually a rival to the councilman that I was with and you know across town the mayor's office was distributing these food basket. It so people are buying Well politicians local politicians are effectively buying votes I guess because they control the mayor's office and in Brazil controlling the mayor's office gives you access to a large amount of money right so you've got all these favors going on and actually outright vote buying as well the going rate was around $100.00 hay ice or $25.00 and then what happens is this mayor of this town basically tries to get all of the people living in this town to vote for the politicians that he's in a coalition with and in this case it's a prominent senator and a congressman and he depends on them to be able to get federal money to do projects and give these kinds of handouts and then higher up they depend on all of these small scale mayors to get the votes that are needed to keep sort of very electing them a lot of them have half a dozen corruption cases yes and of course nowhere probably in the world has as many corruption cases it seems or has done over the last 5 or 6 years then Brazil has on a national political level the empty corruption agenda has defined a large part of this national election that has that it has indeed and whoever is elected president is going to have a really tough time getting rid of corruption because there's a whole system that breeds it and that starts in these little towns and then works its way up some of the things you need to understand about Brazil is Brazil has massive electoral districts so everyone and I will go as are voting for the same legislators and in this case there's 440 different candidates that they're going to have to choose between for various positions and that kind of huge array of candidates combined with 35 political parties means that elections are really expensive so there's a need for money in some cases from legit a myth. Places and in other cases as the corruption investigations have shown of the past few years it comes from outright graft it seems almost impossible to be anyone and to keep yourself clean some of the politicians who have ended up wrapped in these corruption scandals say it's the system itself that requires it I think that's a bit of a cop out there have been movements to 'd make elections cheaper to reduce the number of parties and Hughes have banned corporate donations but what's really difficult is all of these reforms once they're discussed in Congress they encounter massive resistance from the politicians because of course they quite like this and that's kept them in power for so many years and it's really hard for a reform minded congressman or President as I think we'll see when the election is over to really change the way that politics works and the role of money in politics in Brazil Sarah Maddison of The Economist magazine so will the election change anything the success of the official car wash will level Jacques investigation has thrown open the extent of the corruption problem a federal judge this week released testimony alleging that the former left wing President Lula da Silva us for millions to be siphoned off the state oil company picture press to support his successes election campaign and name was of course Dilma Rousseff Petro boss has already had to pay a staggering $7000000000.00 in fines for its role in corruption all of this is feeding into the surge in support for the current electoral front runner in Brazil the far right candidate Joe you have both Sonando. Was was. Was in there with his impassioned supporters a new political figure on the scene both scenario is seen as a strong man a populist his popularity is in the risen since a failed assassination attempt last month and I. As for corruption Well being a congressional newcomer he can claim to be untainted by the latest scandals but his anti-gay antiabortion and some say racist rhetoric has prompted equal outrage and support for his opponents especially the Workers' Party candidate Fenn and that . The trouble though that her dad faces is that the Workers' Party has its own record to defend 14 of the last 16 years spent in power during which the country has descended into its worst ever recession and corruption is seen to have become rife ever out o. Enunciates Sal is the leader of her dad's p.t. Party in the north and by your state I'm not saying we haven't made any mistakes but we're not responsible for corruption in Brazil to say Q sation that to p.t. Is a corrupt party and doesn't stand up with us it was only orchestrated by the media to kick us out of power politics in Brazil until 2016 was financed by companies and that meant parties without any hypocrisy had accounts to funnel that money into Deccan pains this was a mistake and to p.t. It also took part in that game so that almost all. Well clearly the electorate is more divided than ever these days money could a ball is a senior fellow at the Peterson Institute for International Economics in Washington she says no one candidate is likely to win out right in Sunday's poll the collapse of the middle ground she reckons means that making long term inroads against political corruption in Brazil could fault the fear I think here is that because the elections have polarized around these 2 figures so how died on the one hand he's from the p.t. The Workers' Party the Workers' Party is currently all former President Lula is currently in jail there are many members who are under investigation not had as much but the president of the Workers' Party is under investigation in a number of other people and on the far right the candidate that actually represents the far right your boss one arrow he comes from a very small party it basically exists in order for him to be a candidate he's speaking in very nostalgic terms when he talks about the military dictatorship in Brazil that lasted from 64 until 1905 as being a time when the country was more or less orderly which is not true as having been a time when corruption was tampered down which is also untrue this candidate because he has not been directly implicated in anything related to the big corruption scandal in the car wash operation he's also been playing up the card that he's a clean politician and that he's the anti p.t. He's the anti-war cursed party and that has resonated with a lot of people who have become repulsed by the Workers' Party because of everything that's happened in the last few years and yet you know we do have comments to me from those representing the anti corruption drives saying no matter what the politicians say they're not going to. The rail judicial efforts to clean up politics there's too much of a grassroots groundswell don't be too much of an outcry from ordinary working people if whoever it is who won the election were to try to derail what's going on they're starting to be a level of 14 in a way with the sheer amount of corruption that this investigation has uncovered there are parts of the judiciary in Brazil that have become very politicized because the corruption operation the labs at operation has uncovered so many different ties to so many different politicians some of which do have links or connections to some members of the judiciary so anyone who tries to stop a lot of our job to a very visibly or attempts to do anything to stop the operation from continuing would probably encounter a severe backlash from the population so what's your expectation I mean taking your own personal view do you view an optimist that the world of business in the world of politicians can be separated this corruption and to some extent because in in the media and you never get rid of corruption completely but I do think that over looking out to the medium term there will probably be less corruption in Brazil that's potentially a positive development as you probably know there was over the weekend a very large women's March on Saturday to protest and show you both find out what the next day there was another very large March across the country probles sent out oh so protesting the p.t. So this is the mood that's in the country right now and what worries me and what I find disturbing is that whichever of these candidates ends up winning the country is still going to be in substantial social and political institutional turmoil Professor Monica Bowl Stay tuned for the B.B.C.'s coverage of Brazil's election taking place this week and that's it for me thanks for this. B.c. B.b.c. . Hello and now the b.b.c. World Service on history programme witness I'm actually been and today I'm taking you back to 1974 and the revolutionary scientific discovery in the United States that would go on to save countless lives around the world I'll be speaking with Professor us one of the inventors of all to officials. Fire injures more than 100000 people nationwide burn victims lose protective skin and then die from fluid loss and infection but there is hope artificial skin looking at these slides I could not see any scarring or more there was no scar instead of scar there was another kind of tissue this was something entirely new and I didn't know how to interpret it Professor initiate asked remembering the moments in 974 after several years of trial and error that he 1st realized that his groundbreaking research in creating artificial skin might finally have paid off this is a new process a manmade material activates the body to heal itself allowing complete restoration of the lost skin the Discover we made I think made it clear that you have to play the game of regeneration the way that the biology of our body wants it to be played not the way that your theories want you to play. Every week 350 and up in hospital. And if there's been a serious they want to heal without a skin graft taken from another part of the body for this little girl the skin grafting was successful but if she'd lost too much skin there wouldn't have been enough left for grafting to don't to have to resort to substitute Professor Yunus a chemist at mit University in Boston. I've been working alongside Dr John Burke a medical professor at Harvard University and leading burn surgeon for several years they were searching for what was the holy grail of surgery at the time a material that would heal wounds too large to be covered by skin graphs the project consisted of having my students and myself synthesize membranes made of substances called Party members and we took a very pragmatic approach Yes nice team use trial and error working their way through different chemical families plastics rubbers textiles fibers and tissues from the Baltic the membranes were placed on wounds in the skin of guinea pigs by train technician and then we waited to see what will happen and what was the mood amongst your team at the beginning of the work well the mood was that of people who were blissfully ignorant of what was going on I had never had any training in heating or taking care of wounding animals or people neither did any one of my students basically were rather ignorant bunch but we had the optimism of people who sometimes don't know very much about the problems that are trying to solve what is a research project stretched into months and then years that optimism began to fade none of these membranes had any effect whatsoever on the speed with which the inclosed So we were basically making no progress we were not learning anything we were not coming closer to our goal we were very unhappy by 974 yes the doctor had been struggling with the problem for 5 years yes his research grant was about to end and with no progress to show for the money they had spent time was running out for him to find something that would work at the end of my rope sort of speak I decided there we would try to. Embrase and we did and this is where we found out something that told us that were doing something very wrong what happened was that when these clergy membranes were placed on the animals the wounds just refused to close somehow these membranes of college and appeared to be slowing down the speed at which the wound healed when his collaborator Dr Burke heard he was exasperated and he said Jani were wasting our time we're going the wrong way so at that point I almost decided to give up my excursion in medicine I said Johnny you're a chemist what the heck are you doing here working with medical problems that you know so little about but Professor Yana says curiosity the same curiosity that the driven into science in the 1st place got the better of him he didn't want to give up until he knew why it was the college and it made things worse so I spent the next few nights actually in the. Laboratory and I was looking at the microscope slices of tissue that were taken from animals after the experiment was over 30 looked at the tissue tested with the synthetic polymer membranes he found that where the wound healed over there was always scar tissue this was perfectly normal because both animals and humans close our own with formation of scar that he looked at the tissue from the wound covered with the seemingly counterproductive college and membrane I could not see any scarring more there was no scar instead of scar there was another kind of tissue skin has to last the outer layer is the epidemics the in a lab is called The Democrats Professor Younus took his flight and went to see a friend there was a pathologist who was very knowledgeable about skin and I said Look could you help me with this. There is some kind of a tissue here it doesn't look like a scar but I don't know what o.c.s. He looked as a marriage said this really looks like dermis we looked at it again and again and then I asked other people and they confirmed that this was dermis we thought we had a failed experiment in our hands and action no we didn't we had a very successful experiment so it was not you know you Reka moment it was. A moment all right yes but it was a eureka moments that it was not shared by the majority of my colleagues in the area of medicine or biology it took a long time many years to various people that this was really true here's the college and polysaccharide mixture the mix is freeze dried and then heated to chemically binding the components finally the college is ready for a silicone layer so a cone makes the artificial skin suture a ball and it keeps out that area up until professor Yana says 974 experiments with college and membranes no wounded ever been observed to heal with anything other than scar tissue but yes discover the way to make the body heal itself by regenerating the last area of skin entirely what happens is that cells from the living skin on either side slowly invade. They get into the artificial college and they break it down and they replaced it with natural college and reducing scarring off the bat but it wasn't until $1000.00 he won after years more research in successful human trials the doctor Bookham Professor Younis published the paper describing the artificial skin and proving its effectiveness that convinced the why the scientific world of the importance of that discovery 11 years of research has paid on artificial skin has been successfully 13th on. Severely burned people used experimentally until now it will soon be widely available today artificial skin is used in hospitals around the world preventing many deaths and improving quality of life for burn survivors Dr John f. That passed away in 2011 Professor Yana says that through their pragmatic approach and sheer determination he could cheat much more than they had originally set out to do We had not only solved the problem of keeping infection out but we had also sold the problem of having the patient grow back their own skin organ which was unheard of at that time and to this day it is still something that needs to be understood then accepted by many scientists Professor initiate us was speaking to me actually Ben for this edition of witness it was a major monster production for the b.b.c. World Service. This is Connecticut Public Radio n.p.r. Interview n.p.r. H.t. One meriting the p.k. Team dipping p.k. t h t One Norwich. And Stamford to be our ally Southampton e.c.s. Willimantic. Fairfield and w. Npr dot org. From the campaign trail I believe that in a modern moral healthy society no person in America should be too poor to live you're hearing different visions for the future I will work tirelessly to.