Transcripts For WETA PBS NewsHour 20130201

If they accumulate enough uranium which is close to weapons grade, enough uranium which enables them to detonate one Nuclear Device to me is clearly a redline. Brown former Vice President al gore joins us to talk about his new book as well as money, politics and the future of democracy. The congress is virtually incapable of passing any reforms unless they first get permission from the powerful special interests. Woodruff do Americans Trust the federal government . Andrew kohut says a new pew poll shows the majority do not. Brown and ray suarez gets the latest on the chinese hackers who allegedly mounted a fourmonth cyberattack against the New York Times. Thats all ahead on tonights newshour. Major funding for the pbs newshour has been provided by moving our economy for 160 years. Bnsf, the engine that connects us. And by the alfred p. Sloan foundation. Supporting science, technology, and improved Economic Performance and Financial Literacy in the 21st century. And with the ongoing support of these institutions and foundations. And. This program was made possible by the corporation for public broadcasting. And by contributions to your pbs station from viewers like you. Thank you. Woodruff former u. S. Senator chuck hagel faced a hostile reception today from half of the committee that must sign off before he can become secretary of defense. His Senate Confirmation hearing centered heavily on criticism from his Onetime Republican colleagues. The atmosphere was friendly enough at the outset as chuck hagel began his big day before the Armed Services committee. He quickly sought to allay concerns on both sides about his positions on everything from iran to israel to nuclear weapons. No one individual vote, no one individual quote, no one individual statement defines me, my beliefs, or my record. My overall world view has never changed that america has and must maintain the Strongest Military in the world. I believe, and always have, that america must engage, not retreat, in the world, but engage in the world. My record is consistent on these points. Woodruff but as a nebraska senator, in 2007, hagel angered fellow republicans when he opposed the surge of u. S. Troops into iraq. Today, his former close friend, arizona senator john mccain made clear, they havent forgotten. Were you correct or incorrect when you said that the surge would be the most dangerous Foreign Policy blunder in this country since vietnam . Were you correct or incorrect, yes or no . My reference to the surge being the most dangerous. Are you going to answer the question, senator hagel . The question is were you right or wrong . Thats a pretty straightforward question. I would like an answer on whether you were right or wrong, then youre free to elaborate. Well, im not going to give you a yes or no answer on a lot of things. Well let the record show that you refused to answer the question. Now please go ahead. Well, if youd like me to explain why. Id actually like an answer, yes or no . Well, im not going to give you a yes or no. I think its far more complicated than that, as ive already said. My answer is ill defer that judgment to history. As to the comment i made about i think history has already made a judgment about the surge, sir, and youre on the wrong side of it. And your refusal to answer whether you were right or wrong about it is going to have an impact on my judgment as to whether to vote for your confirmation or not. Woodruff florida Democrat Bill nelson came to hagels defense, asking the decorated vietnam war veteran how his experience in that war had guided his approach to iraq. I saw the consequences and the suffering and the horror of war. So i did question the surge. It wasnt an aberration to me. I always ask the question, is this going to be worth the sacrifice . Because there will be sacrifice. In the case of the surge in iraq, we lost almost 1,200 dead americans and thousands of wounded. Woodruff hagel has also been excoriated over his criticism of proisrael lobbying efforts, and Mississippi Republican roger wicker raised it again. You are here today as a you have suggested that there is an effective lobby out there, whether you call them the jewish lobby, the israeli lobby or the israel lobby, and that they succeed in doing dumb things through intimidation, and that u. S. Policy has been the wrong approach because the intimidation has worked. Ive already said, i regret referencing the jewish lobby. I should have said proisrael lobby. I think its the only time on the record that ive ever said that. On the use of intimidation, should have used influence, i think would have been more appropriate. I should not have said dumb or stupid, because i understand, appreciate there are different views in these things. Reporter South Carolina republican Lindsey Graham argued that hagels larger record on middle east policy is equally troubling. Do you believe that the sum total of all of your votes, refusing to sign a letter to the e. U. Asking hezbollah to be designated a terrorist organization, being one of 22 to vote to designate the Iranian Revolutionary guard a terrorist organization, being one of two on two occasions to vote against sanctions that this body was trying to impose on iran, the statements you made about palestinians and about the jewish lobby, all that together. That the image you created is one of sending the worst possible signal to our enemies and friends at one of the most critical times in World History . No, i would not agree with that. Because i have taken actions and made statements very clear as to what i believe hezbollah and hamas are as a terrorist organizations. If you had a chance tomorrow, today, after lunch, to vote to say that the Iranian Revolutionary guard was a terrorist organization. Would you still vote no . The reason i voted no to start with. Well i know why, you told me that. My question is would you reconsider and would you vote yes this time . Or would you still vote no . Times change. I recognize that and, yes, i would reconsider. Well, thank you, that is encouraging. Woodruff as for iran and its nuclear program, and the potential for military action against it. Georgia republican Saxby Chambliss asked whether hagel still supports direct talks with the islamic republic. I think the president has gone as far as he should go publicly on that. He said clearly, in his words, that he has israels back. He said his policy is not to allow the iranians to get a nuclear weapon. If in fact the military option is the only one required, i think were always on Higher Ground in every way, international law, domestic law, people of the world, people of the region to be with us on this, if we have tried and if we have gone through every possibility to resolve this in a responsible, peaceful way, rather than going to war. Reporter if hes confirmed, one of hagels first challenges could be tens of billions of dollars in automatic defense spending cuts, starting in early march. He warned today of serious harm, unless Congress Acts to prevent those. When you hang that kind of uncertainty over any institution, but especially the institution charged with National Security in our country, its very dangerous. Woodruff by days end, it was unclear exactly what hagels prospects are. Most of the senates 55 democrats are believed to back him. Only one republican has said publicly he will vote to confirm. Brown you can watch more highlights from chuck hagels confirmation hearings on our website. And still to come on the newshour Syrian Refugees escape to jordan; the iranian threat to israel; Vice President al gore on the future; a lack of trust in the federal government and chinese hackers hit the New York Times. But first, the other news of the day. Heres kwame holman. Holman the u. S. Senate voted today to suspend the nations debt limit through midmay. That lets the government go on borrowing to pay its bills beyond the current limit of 16. 4 trillion. Republicans and democrats supported the legislation, but both sides also complained about kicking the issue down the road. Ive had enough of it. The people of indiana have had enough of it. The people across the country have had enough of washington postponing real action on the most serious challenge facing our country namely the out of control spending into further deficit and debt. Obviously democrats would prefer a longer suspension of he debt ceiling which would provide additional Economic Security and stability as we continue to find ways to decrease the deficit. Raising the possibility that the u. S. Could default its obligations every few months is not an ideal way to run government but a short Term Solution is better than another imminent manufactured crisis. Holman the house already passed the bill. Without it, the government would default on its obligations as early as midfebruary. In economic news, americans personal income grew in december, by the most in eight years. But firsttime claims for jobless benefits were up last week. And on wall street today, the Dow Jones Industrial average lost nearly 50 points to close at 13,860. The nasdaq fell a fraction of a point to close at 3,142. Blinding snowfall and a slick freeway triggered a milelong series of crashes in detroit today. At least three people were killed and 20 more injured. The pileups left a section of interstate 75 littered with wrecked cars and bigrig trucks. The tangle involved some 30 vehicles, and halted traffic on the road for hours. In egypt, representatives from the countrys various factions made a rare show of unity today to denounce violence. The Muslim Brotherhood and secular parties met in cairo after rioting last week that killed nearly 60 people. The meeting was led by egypts top muslim cleric sheikh ahmed altayeb. The duty of the different political movements is to commit to the use of pluralism and differences in peaceful ways and to denounce the use of any sort of violence to achieve political ends. The only way to solve any problems and differences is National Dialogue without excluding any group. Holman the weeklong protests marked the second anniversary of the uprising that toppled president hosni mubarak. France today declared success in its threeweek military operation to rout islamist rebels in mali. Malian forces liberated the towns of gao and tiukitu ths week, and french troops now have occupied the airport at a third key city kidal. In paris today, the French Defense minister said his government is open to having u. N. Peacekeepers take over, with french support. Those are some of the days major stories. Now, back to jeff. Brown and we turn to two stories about conflict in the middle east. As the battle in syria between president bashar alassads forces and the Free Syrian Army or f. S. A. Rages on, thousands of refugees flood into neighboring countries. Jonathan miller of independent Television News takes us to a secret crossing point on the border with jordan on the outskirts of the syrian city of daraa. Reporter katiba jaber is a lonely place, exposed to desert winds that chill you to the bone. The border guard is ready for what the night will bring. gunfire the shooting started shortly after sunset. Those are close. The syrians fire at the jordanians every night but the jordanians dont fire back. And bashars forces shoot and shell the groups of refugees hiding somewhere down there in the darkness. Unexpectedly, a jordanian ambulance arrives. On board, four old people whod somehow become separated from their group. They may have been the target of the gunfire, but they made it. Just. Theyre exhausted. Theres a lot of shooting going on now. This old man and these few whove arrived here are a group of i think about 45 among a much larger group. You can here the shooting going on right now and there has been shellfire. Those down on the border must be utterly terrified. I went up to the watchtower. We werent allowed to film the night vision screen, but i was allowed to report what i could see. Ive seen a group of about 80 refugees hiding in a ditch behind a berm. Ive seen an f. S. A. Position and their commander and his vehicle. And ive seen three t72 tanks of the syrian army and several missile batteries. They know exactly where the refugees are and theyve been firing at them. The refugees are now on the move and are heading this way. We join the Reception Party and head down the hill towards the frontier. No lights. Were in direct line of fire. Theyre talking to the f. S. A. Commander. A deep ditch demarcates the border. Rebel soldiers are building a mud bridge. We could turn our camera light on now; here we were hidden from the known syrian positions. Out of the blackness, they emerged. Theyd run the gauntlet of their oppressor; now they were but a few short steps from safety. Behind them, a building blazes; hit by shellfire. This ditch was not the intended crossing point; pinned down by regime gunfire, the f. S. A. Had changed the plan. The final headcount for this group reached 149. They are now at the limit of endurance. Theyve been walking for hours, braced for instant death. The soldiers guide them the long way round and up the hill, out of sight of syrian forces. 3,000 syrians are entering jordan like this every night now; 24 crossing points like this, along a 250milelong frontier. 60,000 have crossed in january alone. Theyve made it to katiba jaber; lights, gas fires, water, food and shelter and a dawning realization that the terror is behind them. As they recovered, some sat quietly; some wept; others wanted to tell us what it was theyd run from. Haj zedan said theyd undergone a suffocating siege; no food, no sleep; just fear. Fawzia said they had died many deaths to get here. Then we met marwa. translated they went into the house of my husbands cousin and they burned him alive. Then they came to our house and set fire to it. My brotherinlaws clinic as well. They burned everything. Theres nothing left. Only destruction. I dont care. I just care about my children. Thank god, we arrived safely. Reporter marwas eldest son, mohammed, is ten years old. He talked matteroffactly of unspeakable depravity. translated a bomb flew into our neighbors house and the house exploded. Our neighbors head landed in our house. We were very scared. This family painted an apocalyptic picture of their hometown, bosra alsham an ancient city, now a scene of slaughter with even childrens corpses in the streets. translated everyone was today as we left bosra, they fired about 200 shells at us in just one hour. Everyone was dead. My husbands entire family was killed. There are burials everyday in bosra alsham. Sometimes six or seven, sometimes as many as 12. They are having to retrieve the bodies from the streets with ropes. Even now there are still bodies in the streets. I swear to god, when we left there were bodies littering the streets. Reporter but this long night was far from over. At 4 00 a. M. Another 358 syrians entered jordan at this same crossing. 14 of them were shot and wounded as they did so. In the small hours of the morning, marwa, mohammed and their family left with their fellowtravelers to begin a new life as refugees in jordans zaatrari camp, 18 miles, as the crow flies, from the smoldering ruins of their home. Woodruff syria and iran both vowed today to respond to israels reported airstrike yesterday inside syria. Meanwhile, iran declared to the International Atomic Energy Agency that it plans to add new centrifuges to speed up urananium enrichment. Thats stoked fears in the west and israel that iran is closer to acquiring a nuclear weapon. Tonight, margaret warner, on assignment in the middle east reports on the growing debate within israel about how much of a threat iran really is. Reporter Prime Minister Benjamin Netanyahu strode on stage last week a chastened victor in parliamentary elections. His likud party bloc shaved by voters asking for a focus on Kitchen Table issues. Netanyahu had this answer. translated the first challenge is and will continue to be preventing iran from having nuclear weapons. Reporter israelis should have expected nothing less, says channel 10 defense correspondent alon bendavid. Netanyahu sees removing the iranian threat as his lifetime mission, as a historical mission; as if history has put him in this specific time and place to relieve the israeli people from the Iranian Nuclear threat. Reporter but that sense of mission drove a very public spat with president obama last fall over when irans program had to be stopped before it became impervious to attack. Netanyahu famously set the red line for israel at the u. N. The red line should be drawn right here. Reporter mr. Obama has pledged to prevent a Nuclear Armed iran, but hasnt laid out a red line of his own. Irans leaders should understand that i do not have a policy of containment. I have a policy to prevent iran from obtaining a nuclear weapon. The cooperation between our defense establishments is extraordinary. Reporter the u. S. And israel are working together with International Sanctions against iran, close intelligence cooperation and whats thought to be a Covert Campaign of sabotage. But tehran continues enriching uranium, which it insists is for peaceful Power Generation only. And monday tehran said it had launched a monkey into space, showing off the kind of missile prowess that could be harnessed to deliver a nuclear warhead. The iranians are playing a cat and mouse game. Reporter Israels Deputy foreign minister danny ayalon says irans enrichment pace dictates israels timeline. If they accumulate enough uranium which is close to weapons grade, enough uranium which enables them to detonate one Nuclear Device to me is clearly a redline. The iranian strategy is very sophisticated. And it is not to reach a bomb as fast as possible; its reach to the bomb as safe as possible. Reporter retired air force general amos yadlin, former chief of military intelligence, thinks iran is carefully laying the groundwork for a dash to a nuclear weapon. They are moving forward at a pace that will not induce a reaction from the outside and develop a very redundant program overt, covert, under the envelope of legitimacy. Reporter how serious a threat is it to israel . I consider it as the only existential threat to israel. If you combine a very logical regime its called in the open to the destruction and humiliation of the state of israel. Reporter thats the argument embraced by netanyahu, but disputed by others in israel, with its own unacknowledged nuclear capability. I believe there is no existential threat to israel of any kind. Israel is indestructible in my view. We have offensive capabilities, we have defensive capabilities. Reporter efraim halevy, who directed israels Intelligence Service mossad, thinks netanyahus hot rhetoric is off the mark. By saying that he or she is an existential threat, youre almost inviting them to try it out. Reporter others are less diplomatic. This is no audio to me. This is just how bibi is staying on his turf, hes sending us this idea of iran becoming you know, crazy, and deciding to throw a bomb on us. Reporter graphic designers ronny edry and micahl tamir, husband and wife, started an Online Campaign last year to counter talk of war with a simple message israel loves iranit began with a facebook page. And a Youtube Video message to the iranian people. For there to be a war between us, first we must be afraid of each other, we must hate. Im not afraid of you. I dont even know you. No iranian ever did me no harm. I never even met an iranian. Just one in a paris museum nice dude. Reporter the response from iranians poured in. People from iran took a picture of themselves and give their own writing israel people we dont hate you. I dont even have the words to express how moving it was. I think its an act of desperation from people to people because the government or Prime Ministers here in the middle east, the communication is always so aggressive, and so hateful. Reporter their effort blossomed online, in demonstrations and on tel aviv buses emazbled with eitir message. But their persontoperson campaign doesnt address what some here see as israels dilemma if irans leaders wont agree to halt enrichment and the United States doesnt act, should israel strike on its own . The reason it might as iran expands its program and drives it underground, israels timeline to attack is much shorter than washingtons. We do have a very good air force but your air force has more capabilities that we are not possessing, take for b2 bomber. We have only fighters bombs. Reporter general yadlin should know, he flew a Fighter Bomber in the daring, 1981 mission to destroy saddam husseins Nuclear Reactor in iraq, a strike washington tried to dissuade. You know the americans can wait until they really see the iranians really breaking it out. For the israelis it will be too late. Reporter yet many in israels military and intelligence establishment, even yadlin, are cautioning netanyahu not to rush ahead of the u. S. This time, at least not yet. The vast majority of the military and intelligence people do not believe that a military strike today will be effective enough. Look at the way the iranians have scattered their nuclear program. Lets assume that israel is capable of identifying the weakest points in the Iranian Nuclear program they act against the iranian capabilities; they dont change the iranian motivations. Reporter halevy still thinks iran can be persuaded to freeze its enrichment by sanctions, covert sabotage and the threat of force. They are not demonic and they are not messianic. They are very, very cool calculators when it comes to their direct interests. When you have the shot gun right next to your temples sometimes clarity emerges. Reporter what is the shotgun to irans temple right now . The shotgun to irans temple now is if they dont make a deal there is a serious possibility that the United States and or israel would start military activities which would be designed to neutralize irans capabilities. Reporter but this very public talk of military action alarms many israelis. We met ziv tal on ben yehuda street in jerusalem. translated i am not pleased with the way netanyahu is dealing with this putting everything out front instead of behind closed doors. And solving it in the way we used to solve it in a more quiet way. Reporter and facebook campaigner edry bemoans the state of mind that makes many israelis receptive to netanyahus arguments. In israel, we are addicted to fear and we are addicted to new enemies. We see the arabs, the iranians, the world out there. Everybody want to kill us. Reporter that sentiment is not surprising, says halevy, given israelis common history, but now its time for the nation to feel and act more confident. This syndrome of were not yet safe were not yet safe were not yet safe were not yet safe. If we are a strong force in the middle east, i think the time has come for us to talk like a force and to operate like a force and to think like a force. Reporter if any country uses force against irans sites, israel expects to bear the brunt of retaliation. So its getting prepared. Expanding its defensive assets, like antimissile batteries against short and medium range attack. Here, deep underground, is another line of defense. What was originally built as a parking garage is now a four story underground hospital bunker. In case of attack on tel aviv, conventional or unconventional, this bed would be one of hundreds wheeled down here, along with patients and a couple of thousand staff. Dr. Gabriel barbash is director of the Sourasky Medical Center and its new underground operation. Now the facility can operate on its own after its been sealed. Reporter you mean entirely on its own . Without communication with the outside world for seven days. Reporter barbash and his staff conduct drills in the facilities prefitted for dialysis, surgery, trauma, all cleaned by a massive air filtration system. The company that manufactures these filters has been established operated and run by christian germans who came into israel to pay for what was done by germany 60 years ago. Reporter do you think youll have to use this . Yes. We have two iranian subsidiaries one in the north of israel, one in the south of israel. Both are equipped with missiles that can reach tel aviv. So i have no doubt in my mind that this facility is going to be used. No doubt. Reporter as awful as retaliation could be, in the cafes of jerusalem we found wide agreement that the prospect of a nuclear iran is much worse. That must be the last solution, but if we have to do it, we have to do it. The debate was not whether we should or not, but it was about the timing. I believe that there is unanimous understanding in israel that if the sword, so to speak, is on our throat, we have to act. We will not let this sword cut the throat. Reporter the two leaders will pick up that debate when mr. Netanyahu visits washington in march, as israelis ponder the prospect of another tense year ahead. Woodruff margarets next story examines the growing divide between israelis and palestinans nearly 20 years after the oslo peace accords. And you can continue to find a link to all of our reporting aom israelza t and west bankn our website. Brown now to our interview with former Vice President al gore. Since he conceded the 2000 president ial election, mr. Gores become bestknown for his advocacy on Climate Change issues work that led to both a nobel prize and an academy award. Lately, his business and corporate connections have also been in the news, when he sold his cable channel, current tv. To aljazeera, the network owned by the government of qatar in the persian gulf. Gore is back in print now with a new book titled, the future six drivers of Global Change examining major shifts in science, technology, the Global Economy and american democracy. I spoke to him earlier today. Pelley al gore welcome. Thank you. Brown you wrote that someone asked you about the driving forces of the future. I wonder now that youre done. Is this book a warning . A wakeup call, what are you trying to tell us about the future . Ive always been fascinated with those who try to look over the horizon and see things that are coming at us. And many of the changes now under way have arisen out of the still accelerating scientific and technological revolution and the hypergrowth that we have in the global civilization and economy in which we now live. Years ago c. P. Snow wrote a famous essay about the two cultures saying that the culture and science and technology on the one hand was increasingly separate from Popular Culture and i think thats true. And what i have done ive tried to get these communities to repeat things in civil language so that i can understand them and then try to communicate them you have very big issue of technology and science and tackle very nittygritty issues of our time. Now you use the expression that democracy is being hacked. Has been hacked. You attribute this to an influence of big money. Yes. Is the process taintd . When you use the word taint it implies the lack of legitimacy. And i dont want to imply that. I think it has been degraded and significantly captured. I first went to the congress, the house of representatives in the 70s and i have watched. Ive watched this and it is connected to the influence of big money. Its also partly of an outgrowth of a tectonic shift of the early days of our republic when the Printing Press and the Public Square that was informed by the Printing Press has been replaced by television. Now americans watch television five hours a day, those my age and older seven hours a day making up for us. But as a result the role of money has been greatly increased. Brown to what impact . The sense we cant pass legislation and affecting our elections as well . For a free country to continue thriving there have to be regular reforms because any society, any economy that stays in place youre going to see repeated attempts to exploit the openings for twisting policy to the advantage of those and those whove already had wealth and power. Its a common theme throughout Human History and weve been less vulnerable to that because weve had a freak lull of ideas and people who whatever reason feel there need to be changes and reforms have had an average for convincing their elected representatives to bring about change. They cant do that as much now. The congress is virtually incapable of passing any reforms unless they first get permission from the power spfl special interests who are most affected by the proposal. Brown and right now were in the midst of a gun control debate in this country. Do you think theres the possibility of passing some sort of comprehensive plan the way the president put it out . I hope that this is an exception and there are exceptions but the gag point if you will, the threshold beyond which there is enough public outrage to capture the attention of the congress that threshold has been raised to a ridiculously high level. Im hoping that we will be able to get reform in the gun laws. But heres the simple mechanism at the heart of this. The way our founders designed american democracy, the role of the elected representatives was to go to washington and immerse themselves in information and learn more but always keep in mind how is this going to affect my constituents. To put it out way, how do i react if i vote this way or make this speech. Now because representatives and senators spend five to six hours a day everyday begging for money from wealthy interests and wealthy individual to build up a war chest so they can buy their Television Commercials the next day when they go to vote or make a speech they tell themselves how is this going to affect my fund raising . So their constituents take a backseat unless it is an exceptional situation where the public is passionately aroused. Brown this money and influence question is one that has been hitting you with the past few weeks since you sold current t. V. To al jazeera. Al jazeera owned by the government of qatar, the family there. It gets its wealth from natural gas and oil, fossil fuels. And what a lot of folks said and youve been asked about in the last few days is the question of hypocrisy. How can you telling all of us that its important to think about cutting back on our energy use how can you sell to a company that really is backed by that very thing. I understand the charge. I rejected and disagree with it but for one simple reason in doing diligence on what al jazeera really is, you will find very clearly that it has long since established itself as a truly outstanding news gathering network. Let me give you one example. Their coverage of the Climate Crisis is the highest quality and most extensive of any television network. By contrast, we just went through here in the United States a long president ial campaign in a year that was the hottest in American History with Superstorm Sandy and 60 of the country in drought and massive fires in the west and 110 billion dollars of climate disasters and not one journalist asked any of the candidates in any of the debates a single question about climate. Brown you wrote that and ive heard you say that in interviews. But therefore what . Because therefore we in the United States. Brown but i cant get in the heads of the moderators who did not ask presumably they had other thing, important things to say. Are you suggesting they didnt ask about Climate Change because they were influenced somehow by money or by big corporations . I mean, thats the therefore what . I think that more diversity is a good thing and fresh points of view articulated by people who are committed to excellence in journalism is a beneficial change in the American Media landscape and a News Organization that regularly and constantly explore this is issue by contrast to the way it has been ignored up until Superstorm Sandy has begun to bring about some change but we have had a kind of odd silence about this issue and the United States is the only nation that can lead the world toward a solution on this issue. In any case, this organization has proven itself, it has a fantastic reputation. Im proud of what current t. V. Was able to do. We had an excellent lineup of programming but as an independent in an age of conglomerates without deep pocket wes faced a point even though we were profitable each year with we had to make a move. This organization i think is a very good addition to the u. S. Television dial. Brown you call yourself a recovering politician. Im not going to ask you if youre planning to reenter politics because youre no doubt not going to tell me. But i wonder how you see yourself, your role, today. Do you think youve been more effective out of politics or in . Well, i dont have the illusion that theres any position or role in the world with as much potential for bringing about change as that of president of the United States. But that was not to be and i found other ways to serve and i have found a lot of good ways to make a positive difference. And i plan to continue doing that. Brown all right, were goin to continue this discussion online about Climate Change and other issues and i hope our viewers will join us then. For now, the book is the future. Al gore, thanks for talking with t thank you. Woodruff next, a new survey from the Pew Research Center finds the nation increasingly distrustful of the federal government. The findings released today show about onequarter of Americans Trust government to do the right thing always or most of the time, a whopping 73 dont. And those suramyebld e meblers of congress. Asked if the political system can work, 56 responded thate lawmakers are the problem and 32 disagreed. To put this in historical perspective, we are joined by andrew kohut of the Pew Research Center. Andy kohut, thank you for being with us again. Happy to be with you. Woodruff this survey found not only do people not have a high regard for the federal government, you found a majority think the federal government actually threatens their personal rights. Yeah. We have for the First Time Since weve been asking this question we have a majority, 53 , saying that they feel personally threatened, their rights are personally threatened by the government. Now, this is mostly being led by a trend among republicans, especially conservative republicans among conservative republicans that percentage is 76 . But its a really very powerful attitude. It has to do with worries on the right and the middle as well that the government is encroaching on them. Gun control is part of their worries. I think you go back to obamacare many people complaining the government is telling me i have that to buy health insurance. They dont have the right to do this. So this issue of the power of government, the role of government is certainly part of that. Now, this is different than distrust in the government. Its certainly part of it. But its one particular element. And did i understand you to say its independents as well as republicans . Right. Many of them are the independents that lean republicans. The democrats are less of this view. But if we went back to the bush years the democrats were more inclined to say than the republicans that the government personally threatened them. Now, they were worried about different things. They were worried about warrantless wiretaps and the loss of personal freedoms and a war against terrorism but theres kind of a regime effect but the public both right and left really are quite worried that government is going to threaten what the values and thing that they hold. Woodruff how has this changed over time since youve been polling. T is been an upanddown thing. It relates to the things that are going on in the issues tha are in play. Woodruff and were showing i think tis is the trust in government which is the other question i wanted to ask you out and were showing how that started out in the 1960s at a high level and then really what that chart shows is that distrust in government has been tendemic since the end of the 1960s of vietnam postwatergate era. Its largely been most people saying they cant trust government. Weve had a number of factors our studies show that trust in government falls when the economy is difficult or people dont think that governments effective in dealing with it. They fall at times during unpop you you already a wars, vietnam, iraq. Now i think the fall, the tumble and the concern is gridlock. People are very concerned that government isnt getting anywhere. Two statistics stand out to me from this election. Only 25 have a favorable view of congress. 90 of the penal who ran for reelection got reelected and that is the nature thats the source of the frustration. Woodruff and picking up on what al gore was saying, the way the system now works with so much money, with money having so much of an influence it will be interesting to see whether to what extent that affects peoples views. Well, i think that people will are at the boiling point when it comes to were not getting what we want out of washington. Quote unquote somethings got to give somewhere along the line. Public patience is not endless. But the issue of gerrymandering, the issue of money, there are all of these other factors that complicate things. Woodruff andy kohut who has been watching these questions for years and will continue to keep an eye on them. Thank you. Thank you, judy. Woodruff on our website you can find a link to another recent pew study. This one about the Sandwich Generation middleaged americans who are helping support both aging parents and their grownup children. Read that on the rundown. Brown finally tonight, the hacking of the New York Times, allegedly by the chinese. Ray suarez has our look. Suarez the times revealed late yesterday that its Computer System had been the subject of an extensive, fourmonth long hacking attack. Editors said hired Security Experts concluded chinese hackers cracked the passwords of more than 50 email accounts, including those of top reporters. The times reported the attacks coincided with an investigation it did that found relatives of wen jiabao, chinas Prime Minister, had accumulated several billion dollars through their business dealings. For more on all this, i am joined by New York Times reporter, nicole perlroth, who reported the story in todays paper. And grady summers, Vice President of mandiant, the Cyber Security company hired by the times to investigate the breach. Nicole perlroth, lets start with you. How did the paper realize that it was under attack and could it immediately move to defend itself . We were actually this was a proactive effort by the New York Times. We knew the story was coming out. We knew there had been warnings about publication of the investigation into wen jiabaos relatives would quote unquote have consequences. So our Security Team notified at t which monitors our network full time to look out for unusual activity and we notified them a day before the story published and the day the story went online at t got back to us and said that they had noticed that at least three of our computers were communicating with commandandcontrol servers that they knew had perpetrated attacks on other companies before and that they believed were being coordinated by the chinese military. Suarez from this monitor, were you able to tell, it was paper able to tell, what whoever was doing this was looking . Were they just rooting around showing they could do it . What was the purpose . Originally we didnt know what they were after. The timing of the attacks with the investigation of the story gave us some sense but they were very active in the week after they published the story and specially on Election Night on november six which led some of my editors to suspect or fear they might do the worst which would take down our print or online publication systems. So we hired mandiant who came in and looked at our systems and it looks at if they spent two weeks once they initially got into our systems in september moving around our systems until they finally found the Domain Controllers that contains user names and passwords for every single New York Times employee. They took those passwords, cracked them and got into 53 of our computers which it looks like they really used as a launching pad for the real target of their attacks which were the email correspondents of David Barbosa our Shanghai Bureau chief and jim yardley, our beijing bureau chief. David is the one who wrote the investigation into mr. Whens relatives. And based on what the attackers took, it looks as if they were looking for the sources of David Barbosas investigation. What is ironic about that is, as david has said publicly, the sources for that investigation were not some deep throat it was publicly available documents in china. So we could see the documents that these hackers were taking and they were not sensitive by any means. There was no deep throat. It was clear they were after his email correspondence pretty early on in the attacks. Suarez grady summers, was this a sophisticated proficient attack . We find these are as proficient as they need to be in order to break into an organization. In the case we heard about from the New York Times today i would say it was sixth or seventh on a scale of one to ten. We see these attackers become sophisticated when they need to be and some cases simple spear fishing email and some commodity will do the trick. Suarez how do you work it back so you know the origin or you believe the origin is in china . At mandiant we try to take a wholistic approach rather than looking at malware versus software we try to look at all the attacks and as to how we would trasz that back to china we take this act seriously. It wont just toss out a country or actor. We got proprietary methods theres a corollary to the fiscal role to real life burglary. The detective will look for the m. O. And they look for the tools they use, the techniques they use, the time of day they break in and what approach they take to casing out a particular site and we do much the same thing in the cyber world. We look at hundreds of thousands of indicators, we group those to groups of threat actors and when we see the tools and techniques used again we can pinpoint with pretty good accuracy. Suarez just in the last several hours its become known that Cnn International the external service of the Cnn Television network and the wall street journal were also victims of similar attacks and the United States government is now putting cyber you will haver inability on its intelligence estimates. Apparently this is a big problem. It is a big problem and its amazing how broad a problem its become. When we started doing these investigations years ago it was primarily aerospace and defense sector. You could almost count on those sectors being targeted. Today it would be easier to tell you which sectors arent being targeted. Anything from energy to oil and gas, clean technology, biofuels, law firms and, of course, even media and entertainment. So very broad based attacks. Reporter the New York Times doesnt have the choice of leaving the Biggest Country on earth and the second biggest economy on earth, does it . But this is a retaliatory attack and even at a time when your paper is expanding into china with a chinese language online edition. Thats right, well the chinese language edition was blocked the day that that story on when you but as relatives went live and it continues to be blocked in china and now weve seen weve been hacked as well. We would like to relaunch that site in china but its a process. Suarez so for now full steam ahead in journalism as usual despite this kind of pushback from such a big market . Thats right. I dont think that this will deter us from doing the journalism weve always done and i credit tv times for letting the story be told. As grady can probably tell you there were hundreds of other organizations targeted by the same group that hit the New York Times, you just havent heard about any of them. So this is the first time weve been able to provide a rare glimpse into what one of these attacks look like. Suarez nicole perlroth, grady summers, thank you both. Thank you. Woodruff again, the major developments of the day the nominee for defense secretary, former senator chuck hagel, defended his record at his confirmation hearing. He said america must engage, not retreat, in the world. And the senate gave final approval to suspending the National Debt ceiling into may. Online we profile a social entrepreneur who works as matchmaker between International Artisans and retailers. Kwame holman explains. Holman in our agents for change series, meet the woman in charge of nest, an organization that helps talented, aspiring craftspeople build successful businesses and connect to consumers. Thats on the rundown. Should parents worry about kids consuming highly Caffeinated Energy drinks . Health correspondent betty ann bowser asks a psycho pharmacologist. And on making sense, economist dean baker weighs in on the causes of Rising Economic inequality in the United States. All that and more is on our website newshour. Pbs. Org. Jeff . Brown and thats the newshour for tonight. Im jeffrey brown. Brown and im judy woodruff. Well see you online and again here tomorrow evening with mark shields and david brooks among others. Thank you and good night. Major funding for the pbs newshour has been provided by and the william and flora hewlett foundation, working to solve social and environmental problems at home and around the world. And with the ongoing support of these institutions and foundations. And. This program was made possible by the corporation for public broadcasting. And by contributions to your pbs station from viewers like you. Thank you. Captioning sponsored by Macneil Lehrer productions captioned by Media Access Group at wgbh access. Wgbh. Org vo geico, committed to providing service to its Auto Insurance customers for over 70 years. More information on Auto Insurance at geico. Com or 1800947auto any time of the day or night