This is v.o.a. News I'm David 1st Vermont Senator Bernie Sanders has scored a decisive victory in the Democratic presidential caucuses in Nevada on Saturday early returns show that former Vice President Joe Biden will finish in 2nd place something that would give his struggling campaign new hope we get more on the day from Ben Thomas. Was that a number of candidates showed up at some of the 200 caucus sites around the Vada including Joe Biden I don't know whether you're saying the role of the Us way through the voting forward are there I'm not sure which was the stimulus he said Thank you Senator Amy Klobuchar concedes she's had a lot of ground to make up in Nevada but whatever the final tally no need viable no matter what and I mean we're headed we're already running ads in Super Tuesday states Meanwhile Senator Bernie Sanders is already campaigning in one of those Super Tuesday states holding a rally in Texas we can see I'm Ben Thomas China's who Bay province reported another 630 confirmed cases of the corona virus infection on Saturday that's up 366 from the previous day meanwhile the virus continues to spread across the globe with more deaths reported outside of China A.P.'s Julie Walker reports South Korea reported an 8 fold jump in viral infection Saturday with more than 400 cases mostly linked to a church and a hospital the death toll there remains at 3 while the death toll in Iran climbed to 6 in Italy a dozen towns went into lockdown after hundreds came into contact with about 54 people confirmed infected the death toll there to health officials say some virus clusters have shown no direct link to travel to China globally nearly 78000 people have been infected in 29 countries and more than 2300 have died none in the u.s. I'm Julie Walker this is v.o.a. News. A u.n. Report says Afghanistan passed a grim milestone with more than 100000 civilians killed or hurt in the past 10 years the report released Saturday by the un Assistance Mission in Afghanistan comes as a weeklong reduction of violence agreement between the United States and the Taliban took effect you know my human rights chief Fiona Fraser says the un welcomes any effort that will reduce the number of deaths and injuries in Afghanistan as we welcome any effort to move on and. Casualty what we want to see. An end to the front and casualties the reduction of violence agreement paves the way for a Feb 29th signing of a peace accord that the United States hopes will end its longest war bring home u.s. Troops and allow intra Afghan negotiations to begin South Sudan opened a new chapter in its fragile emergence from Civil War Saturday as rival leaders formed a coalition government one day after President Salva Kiir dissolve the previous government opposition leader react much Shar was sworn in as his deputy here declared the official end of the war and said we can now proclaim a new dawn it will be as one's ability to store people's diets. And his by them once again will believe that if I were to be done the world's youngest nation slid into civil war in 20132 years after winning its hard fought independence from Sudan more than 400000 people were killed as supporters of Kir and Machar clashed thousands took to the streets in chill a on Saturday in protest against proposals to bring in a new constitution demonstrators called for the rejection of the constitution which would replace the one inherited from the dictatorship of how boost open the call for a new constitution has been one of the demands in street protests that have swept Chile sands last October. Brazil's famed Carneval kicked off in earnest on Saturday as millions of scantily clad revelers poured into the streets many of whom took the opportunity to parody or otherwise comment on the nation's deeply polarized politics the sense of right wing president gyre both Sinatra took office in January of 2019 Brazilians have been sharply divided supporters credit him for improving the economy its detractors to denounce what they call his racism and sexism I'm David Berg v.o.a. News. This is Encounter on v.o.a. Here's Carol Castillo. Welcome to Encounter on The Voice of America on this edition our focal point is the status in future of strategic arms nuclear treaties and the implications posed by deployment of a small so-called pinpoint nuclear warhead aboard u.s. Missile submarines over the past decade Washington and Moscow by a series of treaties every deuce both their stockpiles of nuclear warheads and the missiles and aircraft that can deliver them through the progression of these treaties from start one an acronym for strategic arms reduction talks through start to in the present day do start agreement warheads have been removed from active service missiles and are in ground silos dismantled and long range bombers such as the b. 52 have been cut up to start began on February 52011 and it ends on that date in 2021 there is a built in 5 year treaty extension the Basco says it is open to discuss but so far Washington has not signaled the same this after the United States has exited the 1987 intermediate Nuclear Forces Treaty asserting that Russia has not complied with its terms what is the future for Strategic Arms Limitation agreements at this point the answer is not clear. As for the new small warhead on u.s. Submarines it's rated at roughly half the size of the nuclear weapon that destroyed Roshumba Japan in August 1905 in practical use it would be directed at specific targets more tactical and strategic according to some proponents of this new warhead say it provides both deterrence and so-called measured response to an adversaries use of a nuclear weapon but others disagree Hello I'm v.o.a. T.v. Senior analyst Jeffrey Young sitting in for Carol Castillo with us to define and discuss the situation are 2 season nuclear arms analysts from the Washington office of the research organization Council on Foreign Relations stands a nuclear security fellow June Kim and the director of Nuclear Information Project at the Federation of American Scientists Hans Christian sin who has recently published a position paper on the deployment of the small nuclear weapon known as the w 76 dash 2 1st let's discuss where things stand with strategic arms agreements the one no one forced to start limits both the United States and Russia to $700.00 delivery systems whether they're aircraft or missiles either land or submarine base with another 100 in reserve for a total of $800.00 delivery systems and to start limits the total number of deployed nuclear warheads to $1550.00 on each side. There are voices in Washington both retaining and extending this is a treaty and there's others that say Russia is engaged in a new arms race and the United States cannot be left behind Mr Christianson describe what both sides and Washington are saying about new start well one side is saying that continuing the New Start Treaty is essential for continuing the process of drawing down treaty to nuclear forces and keeping a cap on them for another group or saying that it might have outlived its purpose because we need to broaden the strategic discussion to also include other countries such as China All right this Kim what can we add to that if we don't extend the New Start Treaty I think it will give Washington disadvantage because. When if the New Start Treaty is extended we will buy time until we modernize the current stockpile and nuclear weapon system without the danger of Russia actually increasing their stockpile and the argument about China not having any constraint on their the current treaty is false because China. Does not have the stockpiled company that are matchable to the currents Russia and United States stockpiles so including China to the treaty or the argument saying that because China has no constraint we need to think about China as an increase of their stockpiles as Knott's beneficial for the United States standpoint because if China is included in the treaty will actually give them the wiggle room to increase stop because the current number is extremely low compared to the Russian in the United States do we have a majority numbers on China at this point I mean we know by new start that we have 800 delivery vehicles between the United States and Russia and we also have 1550 warheads What about China how many delivery vehicles how many warheads What do you know strategically Lavery vehicles the. That means those that can reach across the pacific right that that's a number that is about a snotty 90 or so. It's entirely intercontinental ballistic missiles. In terms of warheads much much lower than the u.s. Arsenal of nearly $4000.00 Russian a little higher the Chinese is thought to be in the range of about $300.00 are there any other nuclear powers that have both the capable delivery vehicles that are beyond theater range yes they're Britain and France also have intercontinental ballistic missiles on strategic submarines. So those 4 countries the United States Russian and Britain and France are the ones that have those and now obviously China to a growing extent we're seeing other countries like India trying to deliver or develop systems that have a longer range and they're not quite at Intercontinental range because of course India is pretty close to in terms of Pakistan and China so it's still mainly those original p. 5 city the original 5 nuclear powers powers that have those capabilities of course India is very aggressively working on a still Beason space launch vehicles and historically countries that develop a successful or Sylvie often wind up at the same vehicle capable of being an i.c.b.m. They don't really get capabilities they can be converted and it's it's also clear that those that developed i.c.b.m. Stated partly through space launch programs and so there's a flow of technology back and forth between those too. Let's stay on new start for a minute here so that we can continue that discussion Moscow says it is willing to discuss the builtin 5 year extension in new start but so far Washington has not signaled whether it agrees to continue under those terms now we've heard the public statements back and forth but talk about what's going on behind the scenes on both sides what are the back discussions in both the Kremlin and the Pentagon and for that matter the White House what are these back discussions on do start talk about it well. I would say so in Washington we've had a conversation over the last year or 2. This extension of a new start was coming up and everybody knew about it and so the way people have been discussing this is basically should we make an extension of the treaty with Russia when when Russia is trying to build partly trying to build nuclear weapons with long range that do not fall under the treaties limits are they trying to sort of bypass it and also how important is the trying to get trying on board she would really put more pressure on getting China on board than trying to limit Russia you know how do we play these 2 things so that's one kind of conversation and the other conversation that's going on of course is in Mohsin from Moscow we have a trump administration that has been very unclear about where it wants to go with their arms control and not presented any alternatives to not extending new start except Wouldn't it be great to have another treaty it wouldn't be great to China on board so Moscow sees that they see that as an opportunity to play the good guys and say listen we're willing you know we want to extend this unconditionally what are you doing you know so it's a it's of the Russia it's also a way of improving its profile after the failure of the i.n.f. Treaty and if Washington keeps our game that we need to consider both Russia and China we need to also think about what can Washington offer to China if it were to include China into the treaty currently Washington does not have anything to offer for China to have the incentive to join the treaty when as I mentioned earlier Russia United States have on comparable its stockpiles compared to China you know here's another thing about do start and where the treaty lies where could go and that's technologies that are not covered by a new start and of course the 1st thing off the top of my head is hypersonic large weapons there's nothing in to start whatsoever about these emerging technologies that are not so much emerging that they're actually being proven at this point Mr Christians and let's talk about. Technologies flying under the radar of the treaty or at least under the paper of the treaty what about this well the good news about new start is that it covers weapons that are launched by ballistic missiles and long range bombers beyond a certain range and so if us hyper glide vehicle is launched by a ballistic missile like the new Russian Evan guard it is covered by the New Start Treaty and the Russians have said it's covered and then our guys believe it has covered. The areas where there is some discussion about it are relating to 2 other weapon systems one is a very long range torpedo or under underwater drone which is clearly not covered by the treaty and then there's also the issue of a ground launched nuclear powered cruise missile those 2 would not be covered by the treaty but those 2 a very very sort of silver bullet very limited programs and so if one insists that they have to be covered or one should you know risk the treaty over those 2 type of weapon systems you have to put those 2 systems in perspective what's most important getting these relatively few weapons included or controlling the vast majority of the Russian nuclear arsenal the nuclear cruise missile wasn't that a point of contention raised by Washington when it abrogated when it bake hated the i.n.f. Treaty. Well the the nuclear powered cruise missile. Has a very very long range that goes even beyond the i.n.f. Range so to speak Ok but so it would fall into another category what Russia and the United States argued about of course were was the group of missiles that are between 500 kilometers and 5500 kilometers which is the guy in a frame correct you're listening to Encounter on The Voice of America by guess or nuclear security fellow June Kim at the Washington office of the research organization Consul on Foreign Relations and from the Federation of American Scientists Nuclear Information Project director Hans Kristensen today's v.o.a. Encounter program focuses on the current status in future of nuclear arms agreements between the United States and Russia and other nuclear nations possibly and also the strategies and implications connected to the deployment of a small Do clear warhead aboard u.s. Missile submarines This is a reminder that our encounter podcast is available for free download on Eid to it's you can find the download by clicking on the i Tunes tab on our website the away News dot com forward slash encounter You can also follow us on Twitter at Carol Castillo of the away or you can connect with Encounter on Facebook here's a shout out to one of our v.o.a. Encounter listeners Valentini. If you do go to Nigeria if you want to hear your own name and country on this program send us an e-mail to encounter it be a way to use dot com or on Facebook give us a like and leave us a comment let's get back to the discussion on nuclear arms treaties and hardware developments now this examine the implication of this nuclear warhead the w 76 stash 2 it's half the size of the nuclear weapon that flattened Hiroshima Japan an August 1905 when I learned of this warheads deployment I had mediately thought of it as tactical. Rather than strategic a warhead used to for instance destroy a naval base a missile launching facility a leadership bunker or perhaps a nation's nuclear enrichment capability along with using a small warhead to take out a specific target rather than annihilate a large land mass there is the theory of measured response. This means that if an adversary used a small nuclear weapon against a us asset then Washington would have the ability to as the saying goes take an eye for an eye with a similar response without escalating to the level of nuclear weaponry that erases all hold major metro area or a similar effect let's discuss is the room about your response in the heat of conflict in the face of possible as collision with or indeed just be an eye for an eye or with the thought of a bass a response to be entertained to ensure an adversary's total destruction what's your perspective on this so personally I don't think that there is a possibility that the United States can escalate just to the degree that it will it will just use one low yield of weapon I believe that once United States responds with low yield weapon there will be off follow up and then eventually it will ask to go to a nuclear war so in the sense that the arguments that Russia has asked like to be asked late and the United States wants to have an option to respond with low yield weapon I think there is a danger to it however the rationale behind the us government is that Russia is currently modernizing their nuclear weapons system in a way that they will have the option to use low yield weapon. Against contingencies in Europe and currently the United States does not have option to use low yield weapon against Russia contingencies because it would either have to use the conventional weapons or use a strategy nuclear weapon however it is true that. Many allies believe that United States will be reluctant and to cost us to use strategic weapon in any serious contingencies so in order for the tourist to work against Russia the argument is that United. They still have flexible offsets such as having low yield option I want to go back to the good old days of the Cold War Let's bring up the folder gap Ok for our listeners the Fulda Gap is a part of Germany that's rather hilly almost mountainous and this would have been the main mountain pass or the main transit area through which the Russian army would have invaded West Germany if indeed there would have been a invasion or provocation the chances are it would have been at the Fulda Gap So for the longest time part of our strategic posture of was we had tactical nuclear weapons that were available and deployable so that if we suddenly saw a mass movement of Russian armored going through the Fulda Gap they could quote unquote seal it with a tactical nuclear weapon of moderate yield I'm not going to come up with a number but just a moderate you know a nuclear weapon and not only take out the force but make passage through the area essentially impossible now this is back in the Cold War days when that was a very specifically focused point because it was very strategic for both sides what do we have today in present terms Mr Christianson what kind of Fulda Gap do we have today well today that the tables have been turned and so today it is Russia that perceives the United States has a an overwhelming conventional capability that they need to use low yield tactical nuclear weapons to defend against So we have this flip situation. But there are 2 issues in this one is about whether it's needed. The other one is if it is what will happen if we start doing it on the 1st part. It's a common misunderstanding that the United States does not have low yield nuclear options in its arsenal today we have a lot by my count we have about 1000 nuclear warheads on our stockpile that have low yield options in build into them $115.00 or $150.00 or so of those are currently deployed in Europe and they have yields of exactly the same range that the new warhead that has been deployed has. The only difference is that they're delivered by aircraft not by fast flying ballistic missiles so the argument from those who advocate this new weapon system is that well we understand that but we need to have a low yield option on a fast flying ballistic missile that can get through missile defenses and air defense systems Ok but I'm going to bring up the next point and that is the we have had a standing procedure for decades and so have the Russians and it's called launch on warning so both sides have. Orbiting detection satellites and they're focused on each other's territory and they're circling around the earth and if they saw for instance if the United States theoretically used one of these new w $76.00 days to and it's launched from a submarine you've got a launch detection satellite sitting up there that instantly says I see a heat signature Ok something's in boost phase now these things are smart enough that they can tell the heat signature and pretty well discern what they're looking at Ok And because of that they would have a pretty good idea that this is a trident d 5 I'm sure that they know what a what a trident d 5 signature looks like by now so they see a single defun launch what does the other side think at that point. You mean the Russians that yes you have Russians I would not be able to distinguish between Dell'Olio and weapon or thermo nuclear weapon true right so if they can't distinguish it but they only see a single one launched what's the decision swirling around over on the other side in the ground that what are they thinking at this point I would say they will go for the worst case scenario and learn to launch an attack with maximum capability. Mr Christiansen that is definitely the risk and this is why everybody is really concerned about this development you know do we seriously imagine that once nukes start going off that either side will back down why would we we wouldn't back down we have a nuclear strategy is that is explicitly developed so that we can scale up our response to make the other side try to back down so this I don't believe for a 2nd that this is a de escalating initiative on the contrary I think it buys into the old fashioned nuclear war fighting scenario then we get into pardon there's the John Wayne movie there's a bar full of bad guys and John Wayne walks into the bar and stares at all the bad guys have pulls out his pistol and shoots one of them now I bring this up not as amusement but as a tactical theory and this one is called 1st we're going to show you something this size and after it detonates we're going to give you the the information the message that. There's a lot more where this came from so you can either knuckle down and put your hands up and do it our way or you can suffer whatever the consequences are this is using a w 76 days to basically in bully mode and I don't want to be provocative but there are other countries besides us and Russia that there are certain concerns about and I brought up nuclear enrichment facilities specifically because for instance and I'm not making a direct connection here because I'm trying to be careful but forto in the Islamic Republic of Iran is dug into the hill and if you wanted to flatten that facility and cancel it out you're going to need either a deep nuclear earth penetrator which they do it you know are naps they do they do exist or you do it with something like a w 76 to. What about the idea that such a weapon would not necessarily be part of a u.s. Slash Russia slash other major power exchange but something to use toward another country is am I going off the table here or is this theoretically possible I think it's very possible I think it's in fact intend intentionally part of the strategy this is not just about Russia of course we argue for this weapon in that context it is very much also about how to respond to a country like North Korea but initially even Iran so that is part of the strategy and if you look at where this weapon is now deployed it started in the Atlantic and now it is also out in the Pacific. And where does it go from here what response on the other side every time one side makes a move the other side makes a move and then 11 ratchet forward so if you were the Russians at this point with the w 76 stairs to deploy where do you go from here what your strategy Well I don't think there is anything in Russian strategy that tells us that their decision to respond to a nuclear use has anything to do with how powerful the weapon used against them is they will respond if it's a nuclear attack regardless of what that the yield is so I don't think this has anything to do with Russian nuclear strategy there's more to do with way we think about this and how we talk to ourselves about it and mind you now this is out and when Russia does not change its strategy or its behavior Well guess what well then there will be a net another proposal for another weapon so we can be more credible in our Michoud response and that next weapon is going to be a sea launch nuclear cruise missile. You know there's a little bit less than a year left for the u.s. Russia's new start treaty is it's still practical and capable of restraining both sides to the agreement again there are strong voices both supporting its continuance and others believing it no longer works or it needs to be left behind to enable new strategic tactics and technologies more on this will unfold in the coming months and what about new strategic agreements that would also include other nuclear powers such as China. There's a lot on the table and there's good reason to discuss it the guess Stana list on this edition of the away encounter Jhoom Kim the Stanton Nuclear security fellow at From v.o.a. The science edition of Press Conference USA here's your host family. Welcome to the science edition of Press Conference USA on The Voice of America I'm Rick Panta Layo here in the United States February is considered African-American or black history month this month long event can trace its roots to 1926 then in the 1960 s. With the civil rights movement and increasing feelings of black pride and identity the celebration grew into Black History Month it has become known as a celebration of the achievements by African-Americans and the central role blacks of had throughout u.s. History President Gerald Ford officially recognized Mike History Month in 1976 the year of the United States bicentennial on today's science edition of Press Conference USA we celebrate Black History Month as we discuss the many contributions black inventors have made throughout the years my guest for today's program is Keith Holmes the founder and c.e.o. Of global black inventor research projects incorporated He's also author of The Book black inventors crafting over 200 years of success which highlights the work of black inventors from over 70 countries to write his book he spent over 20 years devoted to researching innovations and inventions by black inventors from 769 to 2007 Keith in your book you do a thorough job of tracing black inventors throughout the world from ancient to modern times looking back to the ancient past can you talk about some of what you consider to be important inventions or concepts Well I think that a lot of your listeners might not be aware that a lot of the things that we take for granted today such as mathematics agriculture use of animal husbandry come from a city which is of course part of Africa and for most of us we just think that. The things that we have today are just things that came out of maybe Europe maybe out of China maybe out of the Middle East but a lot of the things that we take for granted such as paint the use of wind different seeds grains that we eat right now such as barley wheat those early crops are cultivated in nature of Egypt and I get that onus in my book because I want to stablish a procedure when you talk about inventions that inventions are not something that were discovered in just one part of the world but come out of the growth of different civilizations and he just happens to be one of them and then when you further value the law and when you look at the use of different instruments such as the drum the drum is a very prevalent instrument throughout the world and when you look at the drums to as it's been developed here in the United States a lot of it has its roots in Africa so I start my prefects in the beginning of the book by stating the fact that a lot of the things that we do take for granted today do come out of Africa and that something that I think a lot of your listeners might appreciate in terms of being able to identify a particular continent when it comes to the idea of innovation and intentions and I'm not just saying that it totally came out of Africa Europe played a very major role in developing a lot of different things of course China in the Middle East but a lot of times in the history books that we read there is no credit given to the innovations or inventions that might have been a development out of ancient Africa or even Mark day after as we know it today one thing that I think a lot of people don't realize when they think of inventions and inventors is many times a product a device a concept whatever takes a long time to develop so something that could have started to develop as you mention in an ancient Egypt could take centuries to develop to get to a modern product we have today exactly I get there and you know mathematics played . A very big role in development of buildings you know architects support road and some of those mathematic wireless were developed in ancient Egypt Greece and Rome but their beginnings comes from ancient Egypt I see that you began your research into your book back in 1000 media events a long time ago what inspired you to find it and how long did it take you to write it and with global black inventors research projects do you consider this to be a work in progress I do consider it to be a work in progress because it's ongoing my discovery of inventors and innovators from Africa the Caribbean Central South America Europe candidate as the as well as the United States and United Kingdom has taken almost 3 years to find this information but of course with the advent of the Internet and the use of a very good database system such as looking up scientists and engineers of color it's been far easier but in 1988 I attended an event in Brooklyn called the African street festival and at that event there were a lot of booksellers from around the United States and outside and I came across a book by a writer by the name of Burt Mechanically he wrote a book called black inventors of America and I consider that one of the groundbreaking books when it comes to the idea of inventions by people of color or African-Americans or black inventors in that book and just let me just paraphrase this for in that book I quickly identified it set off a light bulb in my head and I went to my mentor Dr Ross never met and I suggested you know I'm going to sell this book and the neighborhood on the street he said No why don't you write a book about black inventors and of course a light bulb went off I started working on a p.c. I went to the Schomburg library and Hall and I went to the New York public library downtown Manhattan and I started to research information about African-American and one quick. And I like to ask people who write a book that uses a lot of research is were you surprised by anything that you found it was a I didn't know the depth and I didn't understand what I was getting involved when I 1st started out I you know used a database of information that Schomberg had provided and reference to black engineers and scientists and I quickly discovered that in the early ages of NASA there were over 300 mathematicians engineers chemist who were working for NASA and the early missions of Mercury Gemini and the Apollo and recently of course the movie Hayden figures have come out with the fact that Catherine Johnson was the black woman who developed the mathematical formulas for the Mercury mission that Gemini the Apollo and quiet as it's kept She also did it Matt about calculations for traveling to the Mars and back and many of your listeners might not know about this one thing interesting about Catherine Johnson is the fact that back during the Mercury program she was part of a group of African-American women they called them computers human beings called computers and that John Glenn was getting ready for his 1st orbital flight into space and even though they had mechanical computers working at the time John Glenn said in essence unless Katherine takes care of the math on this I'm not going up in that capsule Yeah and that's you know here and history is now proven that the human computer that they were known back then played a very pivotal role in NASA as well as the exploration of space as we know it today let's get back to a historical perspective if we could Keith when Africans were brought west to the New World they were taken to not only want to game the United States but the Caribbean as well as central and. South America so the seeds of invention among them well you know it's interesting you bring up that point from what I've been able to find one of the things that's very clear as we mentioned earlier is that the drum as we know it today you have bongos you have the jam base you have different drums that have been developed that have their roots in Africa you also have dance as we know it you had the rumba you have what we call African dance you have jazz Martin that all of them had their influences by African rhythms and then of course we have foods we have which was grown and after that peanuts which was grown in Africa which is now a part of a staple diet of many not only Americans but people around the world so there's also different cloth different colors sounds and what I found is that the influence of course in music when it comes to jazz r. And b. Pop all of them had their African roots and I think one of the things that I did find out that hip hop as we know it today there's over a 1000 trademarks related to hip hop and of course rap but that has an influence in advertising industry as well as branding and many of our children as well as commercial advertisements that we see on television today have jingle that are somewhat hip from a historical perspective what effect do you think slavery and the years following such as the Jim Crow era had on early African-American inventors What were some of the other difficulties they faced in developing their inventions I think one of the major difficulties of course was funding educational opportunities to develop their skills in terms of math but cataclysm earing electrical engineering which you take for granted today to just go to school and get those skills but one thing that I did find it in the discovery of these inventors and their invention they had a drive and I think that comes out of the American experience where you do not. If you have an idea and I think what I was able to find when you come across men like Garrett a Morgan who didn't have a great educational background but he had a dream and he had an idea and then one day and just a quick story he observed a very bad accident between a car and a horse drawn carriage with the action that was so bad they had to put the horse down on that spot and that had such a dramatic effect upon him that what he did was Kemp with the idea of a traffic light now his traffic light was a little different than the other traffic like that had been developed and what it did it had a stop go do some colors red and green and as we know today without a traffic light globally around the world which is universal many of the pedestrians cars and trucks the motor along the different highways and streets there would be accidents that would be taking place you know much more than they are taking place today but I had a great impact and then we talk about the use of peanuts when the South was growing cotton but it was known as cane cotton they grew so much Congdon question became you know what are we going to do with this Cod and what is the one thing about cotton what it does is it depletes the nutrients out of the soil and Dr George Washington Carver one of the 1st African-Americans inducted into the National Inventors Hall of Fame advised the southern farmers to grow peanuts and by going to replace the nutrients that had been lost from the depletion of the valuable nutrients in the soil the question became well what are we going to do with all the speed and from his idea he was able to come up with over $300.00 different products from the Tina so much so that the Senate passed a special bill raising the Tarot on peanuts imported from other countries and United States is one of. Leading grows of peanuts in the world throughout the years African Blacks also settled in other parts of the world as well as from Europe to Asia to Oceana how did settling in these countries with such a wide range of different cultures and peoples impact black inventors and of course vice versa with the advent of Africans coming through the United States caravan of South America has that they have the knowledge of cultivating grasses and preparing crops crammed cram maize Millet sorghum half their occasion African rice Ethiopian oats and those agricultural products we have. That they transferred over these men women and children to the west and that knowledge some other way Africans were herbalists. Some are carpenters can Smith Some knew how to work for Darren some knew how to sew and work with quad and guys so the assumption that the Africans would bring anything with them as far from the truth I think one of the things that we have people here in the United States have to understand we bought with different set of skills and the Carolinas the women are known for their basket weaving in South Carolina of course Georgia and those small islands as well as coastal region which were Rice was grown the Africans had a great understanding of how to grow agricultural products so they want this knowledge with them they also brought with them you know how to make bricks sinkin not well chefs earthworks systems how to build a house in an irrigation of buildings bridges they were familiar with coffee color sorow sorghum beer and millet beer ceramics parts plates and bowls they also had their own development of feudal rights or rights when a baby was born when someone dies a New Orleans they celebrate someone dying by having a big party all of their hesitant Florence's from Africa and I think that's something that we just can't for good with fibers really understood the course basket weaving string instruments a quarter turn a chair mats hats net shields one the Africans were 1st brought here to the shores United States they bought with them a plethora of skills that we just can't take for granted and was a very important foundation and the building of America as we know it today let's take a break you're listening to the science edition and Bruce concerts you will see on The Voice of America I am. Panta Layo Here's a reminder that press conference USA is available for free download from our website v.o.a. News dot com slash p.c. USA and from many streaming services such as Apple podcasts I'd also like to tell you that a new video away English app for both Android and Apple devices has been developed and we encourage you to download and use them you can find them at the Google Play store for Android or Apple's App Store for their devices we also hope you get in touch with us through either Facebook or Twitter Carol can stay young v.o.a. Or by sending is an old fashioned email to p.c. USA at feeling News dot com Now back to the science edition of Press Conference USA today in celebration of African-American History Month we're discussing the many contributions black inventors of made throughout the years my guest for today's program is key Holmes the founder and c.e.o. Of global black inventor research projects Incorporated is also author of The Book black inventors crafting over 200 years of success which highlights the work of black inventors from over 70 countries Keith I noticed in many parts of your book you focus on blacks earning Patton's from all over the world why do you consider the granting of patents to be such an important tool in measuring the success of black inventors Why didn't point because that's men of science and technology based on invention I want to talk about the computer as we know it today the one gigahertz. By Mark Edward the corner that shit has changed the way we do our daily tasks the use of the very problems that we're using right now are dependent on the one gigahertz chip and beyond banking systems you know that is why you want to cash or check. And you wanted to withdraw funds you had a way to that check cleared x. Amount of data that has all changed because of the computing power that we have now the very microphones that we were using for talking on this interview as well as and it came in at different elections that take place around the world is a development of different microphone system developed by James West who worked for 18 t. He has over 100 patents so technology the invention of different devices and different products have a major impact on how we conduct our daily business and go about the task that we need to accomplish on a daily basis can we take a look at some of what you consider to be the most important or even famous African-American inventors and their inventions everyone thinks that Thomas Edison invented the electric light bulb but without the work of his African-American system Lewis Lattimer it may have taken more time if ever for such an important vention to be invented your thoughts Well you know it's important Thomas Edison had over a 1000 back he had the Edison brain trust a number of different inventors engineers chemists working for his. Company in West Orange New Jersey but one of the things that I think that Edison ran into a problem with was the filament that was being used for the light bulb and that filament plays a very important part in terms of the lifespan of a light bulb and it was Louis h. Latimer who found the filament that would be the proper filament to use to extend the light of the light bulb and he thought so that Patton in 1882 and he did as you said he didn't receive the kind of credit he showed up but he was working with Thomas Edison and I think that what we have to realize particularly in today's time you got to give credit where credit is due now he did not develop the lightbulb in itself but the filament and the light bulb is what gives a light. The light bulb and all the light books that are used currently in the world today use that filament What about other important products and concepts that may not have been invented both the contributions of African-Americans blood that magical or who came from Sherman South America who migrated here to the United States he worked in the shoe industry. As a laborer but he came up with an idea concept now I want you know imagine that the shoe Laster is back in the 800 an early night hundreds of good she lasted maybe 10 or 15 shoes a day and that's playing the sole attack machine that but it was Jan matching le who developed a device that would allow a shoe last there to do anywhere from 152700 pairs of shoes a day that revolutionized the shoe industry it also put the city that he came on the map in Massachusetts and as we know today we can go shopping and get any kind of shoes we want we don't have to worry about price cos we don't have to worry about the kind of quality of work that's done with the shoe but that's you left there as well as for the devices that he developed very important to the shoe industry as we know it since you mentioned patents in your book can you tell me about Thomas l. Jennings who was the 1st African-American to receive back in 1821 time itself Jennings 1821 Genya developer was what was called a dry scowling process which is which is commonly known as dry cleaning today and it's interesting you bring up that very good point and 2013 he was inducted into the national vanish Hall of Fame that's how important his invention was you talked about Mark Dean and his contributions to the development of the computer you talked about the one gigahertz chip did me develop a system that allowed for the introduction of other peripherial computer equipment like printers and such yes he did. On what was called the i.b.m. 43 point one and figure if you bring that up I have a strong computer back when I actually took computer programming courses as well as system design courses back in the late 1970 s. And I actually had an opportunity of working in a data center back in 197877 those machines were as big as probably the studio as they had a cape memory the i.b.m. Men would walk in with engineers and technicians would walk in with their suits and ties and ask advantage that they had used to diagnose a problem in terms of the machine but once Dr market were deemed develop these other peripheral devices as well as other invention he had close to 200 inventions with an international business machine and those developments has led to the monetization and design of scaling down the size of the machines and I'm sure you can remember the P.C.'s back in the 1980 s. How big they were they had you know maybe 4 megahertz in terms of speed they were 8 megahertz and then they quickly exponentially grew over the years so yes Mark has played a very important and role in the development of different devices as well as the co-inventor of the one get her ship it's interesting that you mentioned the evolution of computer technology like for example what we had back in the early 1980 s. With the i.b.m. P.c. Can't even touch what you're holding in your hand right now which is an Apple i Phone That's correct I wanted to store about 23 years ago with my youngest and he turned to me and asked me what is that it was a typewriter we don't even think about going to a typewriter the type of paper we use our phones we use a different computer system that has been developed over the years to do all of our typing now that's how my. Things have been in bed Lucian by the use of computers in the world today let me move on to Dr George Carruthers He's an astrophysicist talk to me about some of the work that he has done well he's also inducted into the national Benish all of thing and he developed an ultra violet camera that was used on the moon he would have been seen years old when he began working with NASA on the development of this device and that's pretty amazing fact that he was a young African-American scientist with a brilliant brain as well as a l.s.t. His career in front of them and for his device which is currently they want to go I don't know if it's still working right now but it was taken by the Apollo vision to take different pictures of the moment they use this device you were talking a little earlier about Dr George Washington Carver does work with peanuts the man had a major impact on society back in the early 1980 team hundreds not only for his work in science and invention but have impacts on American culture and history as well can you tell us about that you know I've recently been getting in contact with the different school systems around the x. States that house and use his name his influence in the area of agricultural based products Henry e. Ford was very interested in the work that Dr Carter was doing so much so that he did ask and I offered Dr carvers 6 figures to come forward and carb of course a very humble man it's hard to doubt and might I say also that if we're going to do about African-American inventors or scientists one of the 1st film because Dr Carver was one of the 1st African-Americans to be inducted into the national convention hall a thing that film should be about his life and the work that he did at Tuskegee but getting back to your question when Dr Carver has influence in times of different areas he began to realize you could use vegetable oil as she'll what we know today is ethanol comes. Back from the research that Dr Carter did back in the 1930 s. That twenty's also the use of agricultural based products he was able to develop different plastics using peanuts and other products that could be used in Carson and other different products and so much so that when we look at a car today a lot of different things that we use it has an influence plastic being used some of them come from agricultural based products some of them come from different petroleum based products so that the converse influence now only affected us in terms of the use of peanuts but also as well as a number of other different things that we just take for granted and I think it is my opinion that if we're going to do a film about it after an American scientist or inventor he should be the 1st 11 thing I don't want to forget and I want to make sure we get the sense is the contributions of African-American women as well from Sarah good the 1st African-American woman to receive a u.s. Patent What can you tell us about her well what I've been able to research it was from Connecticut you know the use of an arm and board is very important in our house so I don't know so with the new generations now in terms of them using aren't born I'm just being funny about that but I still use an r.n. I'm bored I'm my coach and she developed an arming board that was quite unique then that was it helped a lot of women who had to use our into our in their clothes as well as maybe their husbands on other family members and she was in a dry cleaning business of course back in those days you know because a lot of things that would send out to the cleaners or to laundry in terms of being prepared properly for you know a businessman from what you're going to church with different other special events what I would like to focus on is Sondra Balor who worked for i.b.m. Who developed the number 10 patents used by the international business machine which is now the course known as i.b.m. And her development time. A number of different patents related to computers played a very important role in the computer age Tell us about Dr Patricia bath Dr Patricia bath was born and raised and went to school in New York she developed a laser scope that was used in a coma and you know coma has a major impact around the world she developed 10 different devices she was nominated to be inducted into the national and then a Hall of Fame Unfortunately she wasn't she died last year and I am suggesting to your listeners and as well as those people have influence that she should be renominated to go into the national that is Hall of Fame because as it stands now there are no African-American women inducted into the national better Charlotte Frank and if we're going to be talking about women and eventually the innovations I think some court press for your listeners that stem as we know today science technology engineering mathematics is not something limited to one group you know a lot of times when we talk about inventors we only talk about men but women have played a very important role in terms of science technology engineering and mathematics and I'm not just talking about African-American women I'm talking about women of color I'm also talking about women from your women in United States kind of the Central South America for us little East and Africa and Australia and the parts he comes you're the author of black inventors crafting over 200 years of success I want to thank you so much for joining us today and sharing your thoughts and insights thank you so much for having me on your show and your listeners if they're very interested in getting a copy of our book our book is available on Amazon as well as to i Tunes and Google Play you also have a Web site the Web site is w w w dot global black inventor dot com that was keep Holmes the founder and c.e.o. Of global black inventor research projects in court. Paraded He's also the author of The Book black inventors crafting over 200 years of success which highlights the work of black inventors from over 70 countries and I'm afraid that's all the time we have for this science edition a Press Conference USA I'd like to thank our technician just in the way this is Rick Pantoliano reminding you to be sure to join Carol Castillo next week for another press conference USA on The Voice of America.

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