Narrator coming up on 21st century, in chile, preserving a language and way of life. And in namibia, saving the black rhino. Elisa [singing in mapudugun] [sppeaking spanish] narrator the mapuche, chiles largest indigenous group, determined to save their language and identity. Luis [speakiking spaninish] [drums and cheering] narrator the mapuche, not only chiles largest indigenous group, but also known for their courage and skills as warriors. They are one of the only Indigenous Peoples in latin america, which during centuries withstood total domination by the spanish conquistadors. Their downfall came later. Elisa [chanting] [singing in mapudugun] [speaking spanish] narrator elisa, on the footsteps of her ancestors, is fighting a present day battle to preserve for posterity the language and culture of her people, the mapuche, so that they and their heritage dont disappear forever. Elisa [speakaking spanish] luis [speaking spanish] elisa [singing in mapudugun] narrator elisa has traveled 700 kilometers south to her ancestral territory, where to this s day the mapuchan are engaged in a bitter struggle to recover lands lost to both the spanish and then the chileans. Her focus now, though, is to support her people in the rival of the language and culture both closely linked to their access to land. [both speaking spanish] elisa [speaking spanish] narrator elisa takes us to their ceremonial site, until just a few years ago, a rubbish dump for local nonmapuche people. Elisa [speaking spanish] narrator and the next day, she gathers local mapuche people at the site to learn how to perform one of theheir traditional ceremonies. [all speaking spanish] [rhythmic drumming] elisa [speaking spanish] narrator but for elisa, life and the struggle for the mapuche identity continues in santiago and even further away. Elisa [speaking spanish] alenkura. Class alenkura. Elisa antwitchway. Class antwitchway. Elisa [speaking spanish] kinturay. Class kinturay. Elisa kvyenx. Woman n [speaking spanish] elisa [speaking mapudugun] narrator but these are courses at a private university. Says elisa, to really increase the number ospeakersall mapuche children should have the right to study in school in their language, which is not currently the case. Elisa [speaking spanish] narrator in rural areas, this may be possible, but in the city, now home to some 70 of the indigenous population of chile, its rare. Elisa [speaking spanish] narrator scattered across a sprawling city, the indigenous are also among the poorest and most marginalized in the country. And says elisa, frequently subject to discrimination. Elisa [speaking spanish] narrator consequently,y, only some 4 of young mapuche speak their language, a problem recognized by the government. Marcos [speaking spanish] luis [speaking spanish] narratotor for decades, Indigenous Peoples have been organizing to make their voices heard globally. Here, elisa speaks at the United Nations in new york. Elisa [speaking spanish] man dos votos. Narrator in 2007, thehe united nnations dececlaration on indigenous rights was adopted. [cheers and applause] which includes the right to language. Luis [speaking spanish] elisa [speaking spanish] narrator in the wild semidesert of northern namibia, a rare anand elusive species. Simson we have to move backwards. We have to move backwards. Narrator solitary and sometimes aggressive,e, the black rhino is onon the critically endangered list. T. Simson if they kill 1,000,0, 60 per year, thats the end of the rhrhinos in namibiaia, actu. Narrator the black rhinos twin threats, poaching and drought. Narrator namibia, southwest africa. Its landscapes, mostly uninhabited, havent changed in millions of years. Hollywood movies have filmed these mountains to depict prehistoric life. Talking of prehistoric, theres an animal that traces back to those times still living in this area, but its endangered. And in the semidesert wilderness of northwest namibias kunene region, its not easy to track down. Simson thats where he was walking. Thats the spore. See 3 toes. Narrator meet simson urikhob. Hes head of the save the rhino trust. Simson i lovove my work. T ths why i am here all the time. Narrator simson is a legend in rhino conservation. He started repairing cars for the save the rhino trust before working his way up, becoming a tracker and studying conservation biology. Simson this one young calf, he will run. Bloody run off. Narrator today, though, we missed what were looking for, a black rhino,o, a species at serious risk of extinction. In this case, a young calf who ran off at the first inkling that humans were in his area. Well keep trying. Simson well, theres quite a rhino activity here. You can see the spore where they have been browsing on the trees and also on the shrubs. So, yeah, they are around. The wind is ok. We dont know whats going to happen on top there, but so far, as you can see, the e wind is going this wy and the a animals are up here. O we have to go o is directition. Narrator black rhinos have poor eyesisight, but if they get the faintest whiff ofof you, and theyre also very sensitive to noise, this is all youre likely to see. After the first day, we literally had 10 secononds of useable footage. But then on the second day, finally. Simson yeah, gone. I havent seen the ears yet, but i think thisis is a young cow called tuh becauause this is her t territo. She used to live hehere. Wait. Narrator but then00yearold tuttah smed to hear r something. Simpson whwhat happened was during the relocatioion. Ops. Ops. Ops. We have to move backwards. We have to move backwards. Narrator tutah begins to charge. We retreat in disordede. And simson, knowing what to do, throws a stone into tutahs path. Simson jokes with his fellow trackers. Simson [speaking native language] i aiaim for it. I know if its coming there, its s really coming. Its coming like on 45 kilometers an hour. So its fast. Youll never outrun it. Narrator you see, thats the thing about the black rhino. Its mostly a solitary beast. Its nervovous and aggggressiv. Look at these incidents from National Parks in southerern africa. Nnote the blbloody wound on thehe backside of the rhino o on the rigight. [rhinos grunting] ththe 140 black rhino livining n the kunene region, an area larger thanan portugal, are unique. Simson this is actually the e last vast area, open area, free, where you find free moving black rhinos on earth. Nnarrator unle in the n nationl parks with theheir numerous tourists, black rhinos in kunene are nonot fenced in. Theyre t y wild and very wary ofof human contact, although many of have been dehorned to protect them againsnst poacaching. On the rit is a bull called dont worry with a cow, mara. Its day 3. Simson telells me he once had to stayay up a tree for two and a half hours after dont worry chased hihim there. Here, he sprays to markrk out his territitory. Sounds effects courtesesy of simpsonon. Mpson [making sprpraying soundd narrator overall, there are fewer than 5,000 wild black rhininos in existence,llll in afrfrica. Theyre officiaially classified as a crititically endanangered species. Black r rs here are specially a adapted f r thehe semidesert conditions. S. Y can go for 3 or more days without t water and they eat plants where they can draw sosoe moisture, such as the euphorbia damarana, that are poisonous to most other animals. Simson hes a cow. And you can see the scratch mark on the back. See that scratch mark . Why thisthey are mating. Its the bullls hooveses, when he climbed up. P. See, that scratch up there l le ththat . Narrator mating i is obviously vivital if the species is to survive. B black rhinos couple p for justst a few days at a a ti. Simsonon then, like, 17, 18 months later, then the cow wil have a calf. Narrator but even if the calf is born, thats not the end of the stotory. There are still plenty of chalallengeses. Simson weve been facing drougught in this area forr the past 4 years, i would d say. This is the worst i have everr seen in my 25 years of workingng in this area. Yeah. Therere shod be water here. Not even sisingle sign of water here. Human threat is there, but now the drought is also another threat. So we f facing two thres at once. And they both hammering us, actually. Yeah. Narrator in a severe drought lilike this, a cow may well l ne able to produce enough milk and the calf will starve to death. The second threat, the human threat, is poaching. So far namibia has not been as badly affected as neighboring south africa. Illegal hunting is driven by the huge demand for rhino horn in parts of asia where its sold quite falsely as a cure for diseases like cancer. [indistinct chatter] rhino horn is literally worth more than gold in this market. Simson it stararted off in souh africa, and the numbers just rose there until 1,000, 600, i think, a year. [gunshot] ifif that happenened in namibiaf they killed 1,000, 600 p per ye, then thats the end of the rhinos in namibiaia, actual. Narrator rececently, poachers have moved across namibia and eventualally found their way to kunene. Pilot we are approroaching. Narrator as welell as surveillance from the airir, sae the rhino trust trackks are out every week monitoring and photographing bckck rhino andnd enteriring them intoto a databa. They also look out for sususpicious vehicles anand activitieies. 30 years ago, there werere only 60 b black rhinonos in kunene. Eh successfuful conservavation eff, that tripipled. But now, in thee last few years, that number has been dropping again because of drought and poaching. So what is the way forward . Simsmson i guarantee you iif yu dont have the support of the community on Community Land in conservation, then yoyou migt as well foforget. Its not working. Narrato the most t effective way to prorotect the black rhino iso bring in the local commumunity. Bondnds roman has been locally rrecruited aa guguide forr ourists whwho come to desert rhino camp at the heart of kunene. The camp is run by wilderness safaris, who in turn collaborate with the save the rhino trust. Its s a winwinwin. A limiteded numberf tourists bring in money, which finances the momonitoring and protection of f the black rhino and also creates jobs for local people. Bobonds this Community SystemR Conservation system where by you, the local, make a decision. You are involved with the things you love together. And thatt makes it actuallyly a succccessu tthing, you know. The ownership that you feel. Narrator and so s simson and hs tteam can keep on tracking. Simson as you can see here, black rhinos tend to usee the same dung pile asas they go into the water or coming fromom the water. This is very fresh. Its still wet wet. Thereres quite a lot of fiber n it here. And then you found sticks cause theyey browse and they browse quite a lot on trees and shrubs. Narratator its day 4 and were on the right path. Simson has founund fresh rhihino dung. Andw a surprise, tutah, the cow seen on the right who c chased us off jujust two days s ago, has been joined by 33yyearold ben forr mating. With bens protection, shes wary, but not so nervous. Simson our r goal, actually, is to have as many a as possibible black rhinos roaming in nthwest kununene region in ththe future. Thats what we want. Narrator r as ben and tutah wak off into not the sunset, but a valley in the soft midday light, the future of the black rhino living free in the ue ild goes with em. n . nnwcqwueu oleary fststly, e whwholidea of declawing